In:Crowdsourcing and Online Collaborative Translations: Expanding the limits of Translation Studies
Miguel A. Jiménez-Crespo
[Benjamins Translation Library 131] 2017
► pp. v–x
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Published online: 11 April 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.131.toc
https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.131.toc
Table of contents
Acknowledgments
xi
List of figures and tables
xiii
Abbreviations
xv
Introduction
1
Chapter 1Crowdsourcing and collaborative translation in Translation Studies: Definitions and types
11
1.1Introduction
11
1.2The wider context: defining crowdsourcing
11
1.2.1Definitions of crowdsourcing
12
1.2.2Typologies of crowdsourcing
15
1.2.3.1
Estellés and González (2012b) typology of crowdsourcing
15
1.2.3.2Brabham’s (2008, 2013) typology of crowdsourcing
16
1.3Collaboration in translation
17
1.3.1Translation crowdsourcing
18
1.3.2Online collaborative translations
19
1.3.3Common features of crowdsourcing and online collaborative translations
19
1.3.4Distinguishing features of crowdsourcing and online collaborative translations
21
1.4Definitions of translation crowdsourcing and types of collaborative practices in TS
23
1.5Mapping crowdsourcing into related TS concepts
26
1.6Classifications of online collaborative translations
30
1.7Which translations are outsourced?: of preferred genres and translation types
33
Chapter 2The emergence of crowdsourcing and online collaborative translations
37
2.1Introduction
37
2.2 Collaborative translations: A brief historical overview until the Internet era (until 1980)
38
2.3The emergence of personal computing, the Internet and the WWW (1980–1995)
42
2.4Participatory cultures on the Internet as a foundation for collaborative translations (1980’s)
45
2.5The development collaborative Translations on the Web (1995–2005)
48
2.5.1The emergence of fansubbing
48
2.5.2The early days of videogame “rom hacking” and open software localization
49
2.5.3The emergence of crowdsourcing and collaborative translation technological platforms (2000–2005)
50
2.6Crowdsourcing translation goes mainstream (2005–2010): From social networking sites to Wikipedia and non-profit initiatives
52
2.7A continuing evolution: paid crowdsourcing and the exploration of the limits of crowdsourcing (2010–20xx)
57
Chapter 3Crowdsourcing and the industry: From workflows to prescriptive approaches
61
3.1Introduction
61
3.2Revolutionizing professional translation processes
62
3.3Crowdsourcing from a workflow perspective
64
3.4Workflows and novel approaches to translation
73
3.4.1Social networking sites: Facebook
73
3.4.2Non-profits: Kiva and Trommons
76
3.4.3MT post editing platforms: Asia Online and Crowdin
78
3.4.4Audiovisual translation: TED Talks Open Translation Initiative and Amara
79
3.4.5The fansubbing process
81
3.5Crowdsourcing platforms: an overview
82
3.6Post – editing MT and crowdsourcing
86
3.7Crowdsourcing and prescription: Best practices in the industry from a TS perspective
91
Chapter 4Crowdsourcing and Cognitive Translation Studies: Moving beyond the individual’s mind
97
4.1Introduction
97
4.2Distributed and extended cognition in the age of translation crowdsourcing
100
4.2.1The introduction of embodied, situated and extended cognition approaches to translation
103
4.3Expertise and professionalism: insights from CTS
109
4.3.1Expertise in translation and non-professionals: findings
113
4.4Other significant issues in CTS: cognition, translation and emotions
117
4.5Reflections on new methodologies: Internet-mediated methods and collaborative translation protocols
118
Chapter 5Crowdsourcing: Challenges to translation quality
121
5.1Introduction
121
5.2Translation quality: a multifractal notion in constant evolution
122
5.3Dynamicity in models of translation quality: towards adaptable models of quality
124
5.3.1Quality tiers in MT: towards a model for crowdsourcing and collaborative models
126
5.3.2Paid crowdsourcing and the customization of translation quality
129
5.4Guaranteeing quality in crowdsourcing
131
5.5Crowdsourcing, quality and challenges to TS
136
5.5.1Translation theory: a prerequisite for quality evaluation?
137
5.5.2The minimal unit to evaluate quality: between internal and external quality
140
5.5.3Is translation quality always improving?
141
5.5.4Crowdsourcing and different assessment types
144
5.5.5Translation quality in MT
145
5.6A critical review of the iterative translate/vote crowdsourcing approaches in the light of Translation Studies
146
5.6.1The Facebook model and reader-response approaches
147
5.6.2The Iterative quality models and functionalist approaches
149
5.6.3Corpus-assisted approaches
151
5.7Empirical studies on crowdsourcing translation quality in TS
154
Chapter 6Texts and crowdsourcing: Perspectives from textual, discursive and linguistic approaches
157
6.1Introduction
157
6.2Defining texts in an era of dynamic texts produced in collaboration
158
6.3The atomization of texts in TS: from TM to localization
160
6.3.1Textual segmentation and TM
160
6.3.2Textual segmentation and localization
163
6.4Texts in a crowdsourcing era: insights from linguistics and TS
165
6.5“Entire texts” as the unit of translation: the crowdsourcing perspective
169
6.6The “unit of translation” and crowdsourcing
172
6.7Redefining crowdsourced “texts” as a translation product
175
Chapter 7Fansubs and AVT norms
179
7.1Introduction
179
7.2From Professional norms to “abusive subtitling” … and back
180
7.3Translation and subtitling norms in fansubbing research
182
7.4Fansubbing or how collaboration can challenge translation norms
185
7.4.1Challenges to professional audiovisual norms from fansubbing
186
7.5Challenges to subtitling norms: a summary
188
Chapter 8Crowdsourcing: Insights from the sociology of translation
195
8.1Introduction
195
8.2The “sociological turn” in TS
196
8.2.1Bourdieu’s theory of fields and the translator’s “habitus”
197
8.2.2Latour’s Actor-Network theory and collaborative translations
199
8.3Overlapping turns: when the sociological and the technological turns collide
200
8.3.1Crowdsourcing and the “economic turn”
201
8.3.2The “activist turn” and collaborative practices
203
8.4Ethics of translation in a participatory digital world
204
8.4.1TS research into the ethics of crowdsourcing
209
8.4.2Copyright infringement and fansubbing
213
8.5Methodologies from the social sciences in research into collaborative practices
216
8.5.1Questionnaire and survey methodologies in the study of crowdsourcing
217
8.5.2Netnographic approaches and mixed methods
218
8.6Motivation to participate in online collaborative initiatives: a summary
219
8.7Volunteer profiles: a summary
223
Chapter 9Crowdsourcing and translation training
227
9.1Introduction
227
9.2Crowdsourcing and collaborative translation in training: the path from volunteer to professional
228
9.3Are online collaborative practices “accidental training” environments?
230
9.4Socio-constructivist approaches and crowdsourcing
233
9.4.1The development of online collaborative training models
234
9.5The search for constructive feedback: on the identification of initiatives that can enhance students’ learning
235
9.5.1
Neunzig and Tanqueiro’s (2005) classification of online translation feedback
236
9.5.2A proposed classification of collaborative initiatives on the basis of feedback
238
9.6Translation competence models, the development of translation competence and collaborative voluntarism
241
9.6.1Translation competence in TS
241
9.6.2The PACTE and TRANSCOMP translation competence models
243
9.6.3The acquisition of translation competence
248
9.7Componential translation competence models from the perspective of collaborative voluntarism
251
Chapter 10Conclusions
255
10.1Introduction
255
10.2Language industry perspectives and impact on the profession
258
10.3Impact in TS
261
References
265
Index
305
