In:Writing Systems, Reading Processes, and Cross-Linguistic Influences: Reflections from the Chinese, Japanese and Korean Languages
Edited by Hye K. Pae
[Bilingual Processing and Acquisition 7] 2018
► pp. 459–466
Index
Published online: 10 July 2018
https://doi.org/10.1075/bpa.7.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/bpa.7.index
A
- Abjad 5, 52, 56, 58, 62
- ABX paradigm 203, 204
- Accommodation 70, 144–148, 158–159, 411, 418–419, 421, 423, 425–426
- accommodation 70, 144–148, 158–159, 411, 418–419, 421, 423, 425–426
- Accuracy 19, 27, 63–65, 102, 124–131, 142, 168, 227, 229, 233, 275, 278–281, 287, 297–298, 349, 359–360, 365–366, 369, 373, 383–385, 387, 395, 415, 419–420, 435–442, 444, 455
- age of acquisition (AOA) 148, 164, 254, 259, 418
- age of L2 acquisition (AOA) 205, 212, 215, 217
- age of English acquisition 212, 215
- alphabet xi, 4–5, 7–9, 11, 20, 29, 52, 54, 56–58, 62, 67, 182–183, 313, 323, 346, 351–352, 392–394, 404, 411, 426, 430–431, 443
- alphabetic x–xi, 4, 7–8, 10, 26, 28, 30, 36, 46, 50–52, 66, 69–70, 73, 76, 79, 99–101, 106–110, 118, 137–138, 141–142, 145, 147–153, 155–156, 161–162, 171–172, 175, 183, 239, 269–274, 277, 290, 294, 296, 336, 345–352, 354, 356, 373, 376, 391–398, 405–406, 411–416, 418–421, 426, 429–432, 441–442, 448–449, 451, 453, 457
- alphabetic language/s 10, 76, 79, 99–100, 106–110, 137–138, 141–142, 148, 149, 151–153, 270–271, 294, 346, 350–351, 354, 376, 391–392, 394, 396, 398, 405–406, 416, 448, 453
- Altaic language family 336–337
- Anglocentricity 15, 448–449
- articulatory duration 203, 205–206, 214
- ascenders 427–428, 430–433, 439, 441–443
- assimilation 70, 144–146, 148, 158–159, 204, 332, 393, 398, 411, 416, 418–419, 421, 423, 425–426
- ateji 314, 320–321, 332
B
- baseline 82, 150, 165, 167, 224, 226–228, 234, 366–367, 384–385, 412, 415, 433–442
- bilingual ix, 3, 25–26, 35–46, 78, 80, 84, 86–89, 91–97, 115–116, 137, 139, 144, 147–148, 157, 163–164, 170, 172–174, 201, 205, 208–210, 212–216, 245–246, 266, 274, 286, 291, 294, 298, 308–311, 313–316, 331, 350–351, 394, 396–397, 418, 420, 422, 425, 451, 453
- bilingual/s 17–19, 37, 44, 46–47, 73–74, 78–80, 83–85, 87–88, 90, 96, 137–139, 144–148, 153, 156–157, 163–166, 168, 170–175, 201–202, 205, 207–217, 246, 265, 274, 297, 315–316, 351, 378, 388, 396–397, 407, 417, 420, 424–425, 444
- bilingual study 394
- biliteracy 15, 42, 46, 97–98, 162, 310–311, 330, 391, 394, 396, 404, 410, 458
- biscriptal or multiscriptal systems 451
- body-coda segmentation 349, 378
- body unit 376–377, 379, 381, 384–387
- bottom-up 427
- bound morphemes 74, 232, 243, 311
C
- C-V complementarity 344, 387
- case alternations 430
- Chinese x–xii, 1, 3–4, 7–21, 23, 25–32, 34–47, 49–53, 55–56, 58–59, 61–71, 73–123, 125–153, 155–168, 170–173, 175, 180–182, 184, 186–187, 192–193, 195–198, 221, 225, 231, 238–239, 242–243, 253, 266, 269–275, 287, 289–291, 296–297, 300, 302, 308–313, 316–320, 322–323, 329, 331–332, 336–340, 343, 345–350, 352, 354, 356, 371, 388–389, 391–397, 399, 404–415, 417–420, 422–434, 436–445, 447–448, 450–453, 455–456, 458
- Chinese as a second language (CSL) 121–122, 135–136
- Chinese reading 59, 77–78, 85, 105, 109, 117, 119, 136–137, 139–143, 145, 147, 149–150, 153, 160, 243, 271, 413, 419
- Chinese scripts 49–50, 56, 59, 62, 66, 68–69, 114, 118, 158, 318, 431
- coarticulation 376, 379–380, 385, 388
- cognates 73, 88, 95, 337, 457
- cognitive-linguistic 99, 111, 114, 391, 402, 405
- command hypothesis 11, 339
- complexity, see Japanese writing system
- compound 10, 14, 17, 20, 27–28, 31–35, 37, 39–43, 46–47, 74–75, 78, 81–87, 90–92, 98, 101, 111, 117, 123–126, 134–135, 186, 190, 192–194, 196–198, 221–227, 229–232, 235–244, 297, 299–300, 308, 311, 324–326, 345, 356, 376, 393, 395, 417–418, 422, 425, 436 see also compound word
- compound analogy task 82
- compound awareness 35, 39–40, 74, 78, 82–85, 90–91, 299, 308
- compounding morphology 396, 405
- compound morphology 300, 395, 396, 405
- compound word
31, 35, 37, 134, 192, 221–224, 227, 229, 231–232, 237–240, 297, 308, 324
192
see also word-formation principles
see also Japanese lemma-unit model (JLUM)
- Japanese 221–222
- native-Japanese compound words 221–222, 231–240
- Sino-Japanese compound words 221–222, 225–231
- two-kanji compound words 222–240
- conceptual modification 89
- connectionist model 194, 449, 453, 456 ; see also Japanese lemma-unit model (JLUM) 193
- consonantal 7, 52, 343, 370, 398, 453
- consonant clusters 29, 76, 202–205, 209, 211
- consonants 7, 29, 38, 52, 104, 187, 202–205, 209, 211, 296, 335–337, 341–344, 347–348, 356–357, 365, 370, 373, 375–376, 379–380, 384–390, 392, 411, 430–431, 443–444
- constraints 3, 155, 201–202, 209, 294, 296, 309, 336, 351, 373, 376, 379, 381, 385, 388, 454
- context 4, 15, 50, 53, 55, 73, 85, 94, 111, 124–126, 128, 136–137, 183, 221, 240, 243, 245–248, 254, 261–264, 269, 288, 297, 300, 310, 313, 315, 326, 328, 331–332, 343, 345, 353, 422, 436, 457
- cooperation hypothesis 339
- core sense 248–251, 261
- cross-language transfer 3, 14, 18, 36, 39, 41, 43–44, 73, 79–80, 84–85, 89–91, 93, 98, 201–205, 207–208, 213–217, 308, 397, 404–405, 407–408, 447–448, 451–452, 454
- cross-linguistic ix, 1, 3, 14, 17, 19–20, 25, 39–40, 43–44, 68–69, 84–85, 87–88, 90, 92, 94, 117, 135, 138–140, 143, 152–153, 157, 195, 197, 242, 245–248, 252–253, 271–272, 286, 293–294, 298–299, 304, 306–307, 309, 351–354, 357, 371, 378, 388–389, 407, 414, 421, 424–425, 429–430, 440, 442, 444, 449, 453–454, 458
- cross-linguistic influence/s 201–205, 207–208, 213–217
D
- decoding 2, 43, 71, 87, 149, 153, 156, 159, 268, 278, 289, 298–299, 360, 378, 404, 408, 415, 429, 447
- decomposition 32, 42, 46, 195, 295, 297, 309, 355, 417, 422, 425
- deep orthography 172, 269, 346, 354, 356, 392, 449
- derivational awareness 83, 299
- descenders 427–428, 430–433, 439, 441–443
- developmental dyslexia 45, 71, 96, 98, 100, 116–117, 119–120, 142–144, 156–160, 162, 291, 352, 372, 408–410, 424
- developmental studies 140, 153, 267, 273–276
- difficulties 17, 31, 46, 92, 97, 99, 110–117, 120, 160, 226, 275, 287, 310–311, 410, 414, 440
- distributed characteristic of bilingual development 87
- doublets 341, 344, 356, 380, 396, 433, 439, 442
- dual-reading system 186, 194
- dual-reading system 181, 186–187, 223, 231 ; see also native-Japanese (NJ) see also Sino-Japanese (SJ)
- dual-route model 138–139, 146, 414–415, 418, 449
- dual-stream 414
E
- early bilingual/s 148, 205, 208, 212, 215, 394
- English ix–xii, 3–5, 7–8, 12–14, 17–19, 25–27, 29–30, 34–47, 50–51, 54, 58, 66–67, 70, 73–74, 76, 78–81, 83–98, 102–103, 107, 111, 115–119, 121, 125–153, 155–158, 162–168, 170–173, 175, 184, 188, 197–199, 201–205, 207–216, 238, 245–247, 249–274, 276–278, 281, 285–291, 293, 295–301, 306, 308–311, 321, 323–329, 332, 344–349, 351–359, 363–371, 374–378, 380, 382, 386, 388–399, 401–408, 410–414, 416–420, 422–445, 448–458
- Event Related Potential (ERP) 97, 150, 153, 174, 380, 388, 412–413, 415–418, 422, 425
- exposure to English 207–208, 212, 215–216, 261–264, 277, 286
F
- facilitators 439
- featural 5, 11, 338, 341, 350
- forward transfer 14
- free morphemes 74, 190
- frequency 32–33, 46, 55, 60, 89, 103, 117, 126–128, 187, 189, 195–196, 224, 226, 232, 255–256, 264, 266, 271, 281, 297–298, 300–301, 308, 310–311, 348, 355, 359, 361, 365, 367, 371, 378–379, 382, 389, 396, 416–417, 425–427, 435–436, 443, 453–454
- full integration stage 88
- functional autonomy 432
- functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) 17, 137, 148, 151, 155, 156–157, 161, 163–166, 173–175, 380, 412, 414–415, 419, 421, 423–426, 444
- furigana 18, 184, 313–314, 323–331
G
- gestalt processing 19, 427, 432, 440
- grain sizes 354, 373, 431, 453
- grain size theory 71, 79, 91, 98, 108, 120, 162, 291, 352, 354–355, 372
- granularity 57, 71, 354
- GraphCom 16, 49–50, 53, 55–60, 65–66, 68
- graph complexity 49, 53, 55, 57–58, 63–68
- grapheme-phoneme-morpheme mappings 295
- grapheme-phoneme conversion 171–173, 348
- grapheme-phoneme correspondence 3, 52, 106, 110, 143, 160, 346, 348, 427
- graphotactic 5, 386, 443, 454
- Gulja 392–393, 401
H
- Hangul ix, 4–5, 7–8, 10–11, 18, 335–336, 338–351, 353, 356–358, 363, 368–371, 373–376, 378–379, 381–382, 385–387, 389, 391–407, 411–418, 423–425, 431, 440–442, 448, 451, 455, 458
- Hanja ix–xi, 11, 18, 391–394, 396–399, 401–407, 412–416, 418, 423–425, 451
- Hebrew 7, 52, 56, 58, 62–64, 66, 296, 309, 396, 408
- hiragana 8, 10, 52, 172, 180, 182–184, 187–188, 192, 202, 216, 222, 239, 269, 313–314, 318–319, 322–323, 325, 332
- homograph awareness 82
- homographs 75, 82, 111, 193, 239, 422
- homophone 29–31, 82–83, 94, 107, 143, 191, 216, 243, 393
- homophones 13, 29–31, 35, 75, 82, 111, 187, 198, 241, 290, 319, 346, 389, 393, 396, 400
- HunMinJungUm 338, 340
I
- immediate (serial) recall 201, 205–208, 210, 213–214
- incidental vocabulary acquisition 124, 308
- interference 3, 14, 30–31, 36, 93, 173–174, 191–192, 198, 205, 214–215, 243, 353, 367–368, 429, 433, 441, 443–444
- intraword 43, 272, 289, 433, 439, 441–442
- intrusive vowel/s 203–204
J
- Japanese ix–xii, 1, 3–4, 7–21, 45, 50, 52, 55–56, 58, 66, 71, 109, 119, 125, 132–133, 138, 147, 150, 157, 172, 177, 179–190, 192–199, 201–205, 207–217, 221–223, 225, 227, 231, 233, 237–247, 250–251, 253–254, 261–262, 264–269, 271–272, 275–276, 278–279, 285–288, 290, 299–302, 306, 313–314, 316–329, 331–332, 336–338, 345, 347, 352, 356, 371, 386, 388–389, 409, 420–421, 424–425, 429, 444, 447–448, 450–451, 453, 455–456, 458
- Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) 183–186, 196
- Japanese lemma-unit model 17, 193, 221, 225, 238–240 ; see also lemma unit
- Japanese native speakers 201–205, 207, 209, 213–215
- Japanese writing system
179–199, 222, 239
- complexity of, 179–180, 190
- contemporary 182
- historical development 180–182
- kanji-kana majiribun 182
- multi-script, 182, 183, 190
- punctuation 189
- jōyō kanji 182, 185–187, 189, 195, 197, 232, 242
- jukujikun 314, 320–321
K
- kana ix, 4, 8–10, 50, 58, 138, 161, 181–182, 184, 187–192, 195, 197–199, 202, 216, 269, 271, 278, 289, 313, 316, 318–319, 323, 329–330, 421, 429, 451, 455
- kana scripts
- hiragana 181–184, 187–188
- katakana 182–184, 187–189
- man’yōgana 182
- syllabographic kana 181–184
- kanbun-kundoku 316–317
- kanji
ix–xi, 4, 7–10, 12–13, 17–18, 20, 50, 52, 55–56, 58, 66, 69, 71, 138, 150, 161, 180–199, 221–227, 231–232, 236–244, 269, 271–272, 287, 289–290, 310, 313–314, 316–323, 326–330, 332, 345, 429, 445, 451, 453
see also jōyō kanji
185–187, 189
- phonetic compound kanji 186
- kanji-kana majiribun 319
- katakana 4, 10, 52, 58, 182–184, 187–189, 191–192, 196, 202, 216, 239, 269, 313–314, 318–319, 321–325, 328, 332
- King Sejong 11, 338–341, 348–350, 352, 356
- Kojiki 180, 317
- kokuji 320
- Korean ix–xii, 1, 3–5, 7–16, 18–21, 36, 40, 45–46, 52, 66, 94, 119, 132–133, 145, 147, 157, 162, 180, 197–198, 216, 242, 253, 270–272, 290, 311, 317, 333, 335–341, 343–353, 356–361, 363–371, 373–376, 378–381, 384–428, 430–434, 436–445, 447–448, 450–453, 455–456, 458
- Korean ix–xii, 1, 3–5, 7–16, 18–21, 36, 40, 45–46, 52, 66, 94, 119, 132–133, 145, 147, 157, 162, 180, 197–198, 216, 242, 253, 270–272, 290, 311, 317, 333, 335–341, 343–353, 356–361, 363–371, 373–376, 378–381, 384–428, 430–434, 436–445, 447–448, 450–453, 455–456, 458
- Korean ix–xii, 1, 3–5, 7–16, 18–21, 36, 40, 45–46, 52, 66, 94, 119, 132–133, 145, 147, 157, 162, 180, 197–198, 216, 242, 253, 270–272, 290, 311, 317, 333, 335–341, 343–353, 356–361, 363–371, 373–376, 378–381, 384–428, 430–434, 436–445, 447–448, 450–453, 455–456, 458
- Korean alphabet 352
- Korean language 10–11, 13, 335–336, 339, 352, 371, 381, 386, 389, 391–393, 396, 405, 412, 423, 458
- Korean native words 393, 396
- Korean vocabulary 10, 359, 396, 402
- kundoku 180–182, 184, 186–187, 243, 316–317
- kun-yomi, see dual-reading system
- kunten 317, 319, 323
L
- L1 9, 14, 16–19, 35–39, 41, 46, 58–59, 61, 79, 88, 93, 97, 122, 128, 130–136, 138–139, 144–148, 151, 153–154, 157, 162–166, 168–172, 201–203, 205, 207, 209–210, 214–215, 217, 245–246, 248, 252–254, 256, 261–264, 267–269, 272–276, 278, 285–288, 290, 293–294, 298–308, 310, 312, 346–347, 349, 353–354, 357, 359–360, 363–364, 366–370, 388, 391–392, 394–396, 404–405, 411–412, 415, 417–424, 426–427, 429–430, 433–434, 436–438, 440–444, 448, 450–457
- L2 14–19, 25, 35–39, 41, 43, 46, 79, 88, 93, 97, 122, 124, 127–129, 132–136, 138–139, 144–148, 153–154, 157, 162–166, 168–173, 201–202, 205, 207–210, 212–217, 245–248, 252–254, 261–268, 272–276, 286–290, 293–294, 298–312, 346–347, 349, 353–354, 357, 363–364, 366–370, 391–392, 394–398, 403–406, 411–412, 418–421, 423–424, 426–430, 432–433, 435–436, 440–444, 448–456
- L2 use 207–208, 210, 212, 214–215, 436
- language ix–xii, 1–5, 7–14, 16–20, 25–26, 29, 31, 34–47, 49–52, 56–59, 61–62, 65–66, 70–71, 73–76, 79–80, 82, 84–100, 103, 106–107, 109, 111, 115–123, 126, 128, 130, 132–149, 152–166, 168–175, 180–186, 192, 194–199, 201–203, 205, 207–211, 213–217, 221–222, 231, 241–249, 251–253, 262, 264–270, 274–276, 279, 286–291, 293–294, 296–299, 302, 307–316, 318–319, 321, 324–325, 327, 329–332, 335–341, 343, 346–347, 349–353, 358, 361, 364–372, 375, 378, 380–381, 386, 389–398, 404–408, 410, 412, 418–426, 428–429, 433, 435–437, 440–441, 443–445, 447–458
- language-is-speech perspective 2
- language-universal 14, 137, 448, 450
- language dominance 39, 43
- language transfer 3, 14, 18, 36, 39, 41, 43–44, 73, 79–80, 84–85, 87, 89–93, 96, 98, 133, 308, 397, 404–405, 407–408, 447–448, 451–452, 454
- late bilingual/s 148, 174, 205, 208, 212, 215, 420
- left precentral gyrus (LPG) 163, 168–170
- left-to-right processing 221, 223, 230, 232, 236–237
- lemma mediation stage 88
- lemma unit 238–240
- lexical compounding xii, 74, 83, 94, 102, 108, 111, 117, 297, 310, 396, 405
- lexical decision 32, 37, 55, 163, 165–166, 170, 175, 193, 223, 227, 272, 277, 373–374, 380–381, 385, 387, 416–417, 427–428, 430
- lexical decision task
32, 55, 165–166, 170, 193, 223, 277, 373, 381, 416–417
- nonword 226, 232
- lexical inferencing 299, 312
- lexical pathway 138–140, 146, 414–415
- lexical processing 16–17, 154, 163, 166, 168–171, 173, 221, 225, 231, 238, 352, 355, 372, 445
- lexical stratum 182, 193, 224, 235, 236–237
- linear format 353, 357–359, 361–362, 368–369, 375, 382
- linguistic unit 4, 373, 378, 431
- logographic 9, 21, 26, 36, 51, 69, 76, 100, 137–138, 153, 157, 171–172, 195, 269–270, 272–275, 287, 289, 313, 317, 346, 411, 414–415, 419–420
- logographic writing system 100, 414–415
M
- man’yōgana 182, 318, 320, 323
- MCWord 436, 444
- mental lexicon 30, 32–33, 38, 47, 86, 94, 97–98, 106, 174, 193–197, 222, 225, 231, 238–239, 241–243, 245–246, 253, 266, 268, 281, 311–312, 414, 428, 453
- mental representation/s 17–18, 112, 201, 204–209, 213–216, 245, 253, 255–256, 259–261, 263–264, 355
- metalinguistic 36, 73, 91, 93, 293–294, 296–297, 307–310, 346, 396, 408, 450
- metalinguistic awareness 36, 91, 93, 293–294, 297, 307, 309–310, 408
- middle occipital gyrus (MOG) 139–145, 150, 163, 168–172, 414–415
- minimal unit 7, 13, 202, 344, 346–347, 354, 386, 430–431
- monolingual/s x, xii, 14, 17, 35, 40, 46, 73, 76, 83, 91, 96–97, 115–116, 139, 201, 205, 207–214, 216, 274, 291, 309–310, 350–351, 392, 395–396, 404
- mora/morae 8, 10, 17, 187–188, 201–202, 207–209, 213–214, 216, 220
- moraic 187, 208, 214, 216
- morpheme-level awareness 81, 83
- morphemic 4, 11, 15, 32, 34, 41, 45, 50, 198, 243, 295, 308, 418, 422, 429, 447
- morphographic 9–10, 12, 181–182, 184, 190, 196, 222, 241, 354, 429–430
- morphography 7, 9, 432
- morphological activation 221
- morphological awareness 17–18, 34, 41–46, 73–74, 77, 81–82, 84–85, 89–97, 99, 102, 107, 109, 114, 117–120, 270, 293–307, 309–312, 391, 395, 407–408, 449, 452, 455, 458
- morphological decomposition 32, 46, 295, 297, 417, 422, 425
- morphological information xi,
17, 102, 221, 223, 225, 231, 236–237, 242, 295–296, 301
- head-morpheme 231, 236–237
- left-to-right processing 223, 230, 236–237
- lexical stratum 224, 235, 236–237
- verb constituent 224–225, 238
- morphological structure awareness 44, 81–83, 95, 158, 289, 408
- morphology 20, 34, 38, 41–42, 46–47, 69–70, 92, 95, 97, 112, 119, 136, 160, 192, 196, 221, 241–243, 300, 308–311, 391, 393, 395–396, 405–406, 409, 450
- morphosyllabic 26, 41, 66–67, 107, 111, 269, 296, 448, 451, 453
- morphosyllabic language 107
N
- native-Japanese (NJ) 181–182, 184–185, 192–193, 196, 201–205, 207, 209, 213–215, 221–224, 227, 231–232, 233, 242 ; see also dual-reading system
- native English speakers 139, 145–147, 155, 201–202, 204–205, 209, 213, 364, 366–367, 369, 434
- native Japanese speakers 201–205, 207, 209, 213–215, 421
- neural activation 163, 170–171
- neural mechanism 163, 411, 422, 424
- Nneural specialization 17, 137–138, 140, 142–144, 148, 153–154, 157
- non-alphabetic languages 106, 152, 391–392, 405–406
- non-words/nonsense words 191, 201–209, 211, 213–216, 400
- nonsense words 202, 204–205, 209
- nonword choice task 278, 287
- numbers 182, 184, 189
O
- ondoku 181
- onset-rime awareness 74, 77–78, 90
- Oonset-rime division 377–378
- onsets 76–77, 352, 371, 377, 381
- on-yomi, see also native-Japanese (NJ) see dual-reading system
- opaque languages 138–139
- orthographic
- conventions 182, 185, 190
- orthographic awareness 34, 99, 107, 114, 391, 396, 401, 404
- orthographic depth 49, 69–70, 172, 269, 291, 309, 354, 410, 422
- orthographic variation ix, xi, 1–4, 6, 10, 16, 41, 45, 49–52, 56–58, 62, 65–70, 89, 101, 118, 179, 185, 194, 198–199, 239, 270, 346, 352, 354, 356, 392, 394–395, 408, 411–414, 416, 418–419, 421–422, 442, 444, 447, 449, 451, 453, 455
- orthography/orthographies x, xii, 1, 3–5, 8, 10, 18, 20–21, 34, 38, 40–42, 45–47, 51, 57–59, 62, 65–66, 69–70, 76, 79, 81–82, 91, 94, 97, 100–101, 103–104, 106, 113, 115, 119–120, 138–139, 141–142, 145–146, 148–153, 155–157, 159–160, 162, 165, 171–172, 192, 195, 197–198, 216, 221, 232, 237, 268–269, 271–272, 277, 281, 283–285, 288, 290, 296, 309–310, 332, 335–336, 345–347, 352, 354–357, 363, 389–392, 395, 399, 410–411, 413, 415–416, 418–419, 422, 425, 431, 444–445, 449–450, 452–455, 458
P
- paradigmatic knowledge 86, 88–89
- perceptual assimilation 204
- perceptual differences 61
- perimetric complexity 53–57, 65–66, 71
- peripheral senses 249
- phase model 270, 273
- phoneme/s xi, 3–4, 7–9, 11, 13, 25, 27, 30, 29, 36, 39, 44, 51–52, 57–58, 61, 66, 76–77, 79, 91, 95, 104–106, 108, 110, 138–139, 142, 143–144, 147, 149, 152, 160, 171–173, 201–202, 205–208, 210, 213–214, 269–270, 272, 295–296, 335–348, 351, 354, 356, 359, 361–362, 367, 373, 376–379, 386, 389, 392, 394, 397, 400–402, 411, 419, 421, 427, 431, 453, 457
- phonemic 7–13, 15, 18, 34, 46, 69, 74, 76, 79–80, 90, 111, 149, 155–156, 182, 188, 190, 215–216, 272, 289, 296, 308, 311, 335, 338–339, 345–347, 349, 360, 368, 373–375, 378, 418–419, 421, 428, 431, 440–441
- phonemic awareness 34, 69, 74, 76, 79–80, 90, 111, 149, 155–156, 289, 308
- phonemic awareness 34, 69, 74, 76, 79–80, 90, 111, 149, 155–156, 289, 308
- phonetic radical xi, 28, 33, 75, 86, 101, 296
- phonographic 10, 181, 269, 272, 289, 313, 317, 338
- phonological assembly 139, 144, 171, 175
- phonological assimilation 416
- phonological awareness xi, 17, 34, 42, 44–46, 73–80, 82, 87, 89–99, 101, 105, 107–109, 112, 114–120, 150, 155, 158, 160, 268–271, 289, 294, 307, 346–347, 351, 378, 389, 391, 394, 403, 407–408, 448–450, 453, 455, 458
- phonological changes 393, 398, 416
- phonological choice task 278
- phonological complexity 206, 208, 269, 416
- phonological representation/s 32, 47, 79, 142, 149, 154–155, 201, 206–207, 215–216, 238, 278, 314
- phonological retrieval 171
- phonological structure 17, 107–108, 153, 201–205, 207–209, 213–217
- phonology 30, 34, 38, 41–42, 45–47, 52–53, 69–70, 74, 77, 81–82, 92, 94, 97, 104, 106, 117, 119–120, 138–139, 141–142, 145–147, 149–153, 156, 159–160, 162, 165, 172, 175, 187, 195, 198, 202, 205, 232, 237, 268, 271, 281, 283–285, 290, 309, 337, 346–347, 354, 391, 409, 411, 413–416, 418–419, 422–423, 450
- phonotactic rules 201–202, 209, 453
- Pinyin ix, 28–29, 40, 61, 74, 76, 104–105, 110, 112, 117, 132, 138, 151, 156, 271, 451
- polysemy 35, 126, 245, 248–249, 265
- pre-orthographic processing 172–173
- prime condition 223–224, 226, 232
- priming
17–18, 20, 32, 37, 193–194, 196–197, 221, 223, 225, 227–243, 355, 373–374, 380–381, 384–389, 417–418, 424–425, 428, 444–445
- constituent-morpheme priming 221, 223, 227–240
- priming effect 225, 227–231, 233–240
- processing ix, xii, 1, 4, 12–20, 25, 27, 30–33, 35–37, 39–47, 56, 60, 62–63, 66–67, 69–71, 78, 80, 88, 90–95, 100–102, 104–107, 109–110, 115, 117–122, 135, 139, 141–144, 146, 148–152, 154–159, 161, 163–175, 179–180, 190–192, 194–199, 221–222, 225, 230–232, 236–244, 265, 267–282, 284–288, 290, 296, 307–312, 335, 345–346, 348, 350–352, 354–355, 357–358, 360, 363, 368–372, 375, 379–381, 387–389, 391–393, 395, 397, 404, 406–410, 413–418, 420–427, 429, 432, 440–441, 443–445, 448–451, 453, 457–458
- processing difficulties 110, 201–205, 204, 207, 213–214, 217
- proficiency 30, 36–39, 43, 46, 86, 90–91, 97, 113, 122, 125–127, 129–130, 135, 137, 142, 144–145, 148, 155, 164, 166, 170–174, 208–210, 215, 252, 254–255, 259–264, 271, 275, 288, 293–294, 310, 366, 369, 391, 395, 404, 418, 420, 423, 435, 437, 440
- pseudo-word/s 17, 163, 165–166, 167, 168, 170, 201–209, 211, 213–216, 301
- pseudowords 38, 77, 80, 277–278, 311, 349, 355, 396, 416, 428–429
- psycholinguistic grain size 71, 79, 91, 98, 108, 120, 162, 291, 352, 354, 372
R
- radical/s xi, 27–28, 32–35, 41, 43, 45–46, 59–60, 68, 71, 75, 86, 101–102, 106, 113, 115–117, 119, 185–186, 191, 296–297, 429
- rapid automatized naming (RAN) 99, 105–106, 114, 118, 360, 372, 391–392, 395, 397–398, 400–405, 408, 434, 445, 450
- reading subskills 118, 298, 306, 408
- recall 17, 201, 205–208, 210–216, 374, 386
- recursive path analysis 302, 306
- region of interest (ROI) analysis 419
- ROI 419–420
- regression 174, 211, 280–282, 284–285, 363, 402–404, 439
- reverse transfer 14
- rhyming judgment task 140–144, 415, 419–420
- rimes 76–77, 270, 373, 377, 381, 385, 389–390
- rime unit 377, 379, 384
- role of consonants 370, 380, 387–388
- role of syllables 350–351, 354–355, 371, 374
- role of vowels 370, 380, 388
- Roman script 3–4, 370, 375, 380, 387, 428, 443, 453
- root morphemes 74, 296
- Rōmaji 4, 9–10, 182, 184, 188–189
- rubi 184
S
- script/s ix–xii, 3, 1–4, 5, 6–7, 9–10, 12, 14–20, 18–21, 25–27, 29, 35, 37, 40–41, 45, 47, 49–50, 56, 59, 61–63, 65, 67–69, 71, 86, 100–101, 102–104, 108–110, 118, 119, 137, 144, 158, 179–185, 187–190, 192, 194, 196–199, 202, 239–241, 242–243, 267, 269–270, 311, 313–314, 316–320, 322–323, 326, 330, 335, 338–341, 345–347, 349–350, 352, 353, 354, 356–359, 363–364, 369–370, 373–375, 378, 380–381, 386–387, 392, 397, 402, 403, 405, 408, 411–415, 416, 418, 425, 427–433, 440–444, 448, 450–451, 453, 456–457
- script-specific 137, 448, 450, 456
- second-language acquisition 394
- segmental/s 7, 11, 31, 44, 335, 337–338, 340–341, 343–344, 346, 350, 358, 368, 370, 375, 377, 379, 380, 387, 430
- semantic-phonetic compound characters 28, 75, 117
- semantic decision task 164, 198, 290
- semantic development 121–122, 127–128, 130–134
- semantic distinction 121, 129, 134
- semanticization 17, 121–122, 124–125, 134
- semantic judgment task 142, 164–165, 170
- semantic processing 17, 121–122, 142, 155, 158, 163–166, 168, 170–171, 173–175, 423, 448
- semantic radical xi, 28, 33–34, 75, 101–102, 117, 296
- semantic representation 163–164, 314
- semantic restructuring 122, 133–134
- semantic transparency 32, 49, 84, 92, 123–124, 126, 134, 136, 193, 222, 231, 239–240, 242, 308, 311, 425
- serial recall 201, 205–208, 210, 213–214
- shallow orthography 346, 354–356, 363, 392, 449
- shareability 299
- silent word reading task 165
- simple view of reading 87, 93, 447, 458
- Sino-Japanese (SJ) 13, 181–182, 184–185, 192–193, 196–197, 221–225, 231–240, 242–243, 321–322, 324–329 ; see also dual-reading system
- Sino-Japanese coinage 321, 322
- Sino-Korean 10–11, 13, 337, 343, 393, 396, 405, 417
- Sino-Korean words 10, 337, 393, 396, 405, 417
- Sino-Tibetan language family 12, 25
- spatial nominals 251
- spoken duration 203, 205–206, 214
- spoken language 1–2, 9–11, 26, 29, 31, 34, 49–50, 65–66, 91, 106, 109, 111, 115, 346, 450, 455
- stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) 221, 224–237, 240, 387
- stroke 9, 11, 26–27, 32, 42, 55, 68, 100–101, 117, 337, 341, 414, 425–426
- Stroop 30–31, 192, 428, 445
- sublexical pathway 140, 146
- subunit priming effects 373
- superior parietal lobule (SPL) 163, 168, 170–172, 415
- superior temporal gyrus (STG) 140–142, 144–145, 149–152, 165
- supplementary motor area (SMA) 165
- supplementary motor area 165
- suprasegmental phonology 77
- syllabaries 9–10, 21, 52, 198, 202, 216
- syllabary 5, 7, 9, 52, 54, 56, 58, 62, 349, 352, 378, 392, 411–412, 416, 426, 429, 431
- syllabic x, 4, 8, 10, 12–13, 18, 25, 29, 50–52, 69, 82, 100, 172, 269–270, 311, 335–336, 338–340, 342–345–347, 349–350, 352, 353, 355–356, 358–359, 361, 363–365, 367–371, 373–374, 376, 378–379, 382, 385–389, 392, 411, 421, 426, 428, 430–432, 440–441, 448, 451, 454
- Syllabic Autonomy Saliency Hypothesis 353, 370
- syllabic/syllable structure 18, 25, 29, 187, 201–202, 204, 209, 342–345, 358–359, 361, 363, 365, 368, 376, 379, 385–390, 392, 454
- syllable/s 7–13, 25, 26, 28–32, 34, 38–39, 41, 44, 51–52, 57–59, 66, 74, 76–80, 82, 90, 95, 98, 100, 102, 105, 107–108, 138–139, 141–142, 147, 149, 172, 187, 198, 201–202, 204–210, 213–214, 269–270, 312, 322, 336, 337–338, 340, 342, 343–351, 353–358, 359, 361–365, 367–368, 370–371, 373–382, 385–390, 393–394, 397–398, 399–402, 405, 411, 416–417, 419, 421–422, 425, 430–432, 435–436, 441, 455
- syllable awareness 34, 38, 74, 76–80, 108, 394
- syllable blocks 348, 357, 368, 376, 411, 419
- syllabographic, see kana scripts
- syntagmatic knowledge 86, 88–89, 93
T
- tensification 416
- tone awareness 34, 38–39, 74, 76–80, 90, 105
- tones 25, 28–29, 31, 38, 45, 74, 77, 80, 187, 393
- top-down 139, 149, 344, 376, 382, 386, 427–428, 430–431, 441
- traditional Chinese script 62, 412
- transfer ix, 3, 14, 18, 35–36, 38–39, 41, 43–46, 68, 73–74, 79–80, 84–85, 87–98, 133, 135–136, 162, 265–268, 306, 308, 311–312, 319, 351, 391, 394, 396–397, 404–408, 410, 429, 447–452, 454
- translanguaging 18, 313–326, 328–332
- translation 18, 20, 37, 46, 88, 93, 122, 128, 131–134, 164, 166–167, 173–174, 181, 183–184, 247–248, 251–252, 313–317, 321, 323–332, 427
- transparent orthography 171, 395, 399
U
- unbalanced bilinguals 163–164, 166, 168, 170–171, 173
- underlying representation/s 17, 201, 204–209, 213–216
- universal grammar of reading 448, 450, 458
- universal phonological principle 77
- universal rime bias 373, 381, 385
V
- verb-object structures 81
- visual representation of Hangul 356
- visual skills 50, 61, 67, 69, 87, 93, 99, 104, 109, 114, 116–118, 158, 270–271, 289, 455
- visuo-orthographic processing 150, 171–173
- visuospatial attentional control 172
- vocabulary breadth 85, 87–89, 300, 310
- vocabulary depth 86–89
- vowel devoicing 203–204,
- vowel epenthesis 202–205, 211, 214
- vowel harmony 336–337
- vowels 7, 10, 29, 31, 52, 104, 187–188, 202–204, 296, 335–336, 340–344, 347, 356–357, 365, 370, 375–377, 379–380, 386–390, 392, 411, 430–431, 433, 436, 439, 442–444, 453
W
- word-formation principle (WFP) 193, 221, 221–222, 224–238, 240
- word association stage 88
- word form analysis 293, 295
- word formation 31, 34, 81, 91–92, 98, 107, 222, 242, 244, 297, 299
- word length effect 205–207, 214
- word meaning inference 18, 293, 295, 298–299, 301–307
- word processing
- compound word processing 192–194
- Japanese 190–194
- kana processing 191–192
- kanji-kana comparison 191
- single kanji processing 190–191
- word reading 3, 14–15, 17–19, 35, 38–40, 44–45, 71, 73–74, 77–80, 82–90, 94, 96–97, 101–102, 105, 107–108, 117–118, 120, 137–138, 144, 149, 153, 155–157, 165, 174, 270, 273–274, 288, 290, 294–295, 297–299, 308, 310–311, 335, 338, 353–355, 358, 360, 366, 368–370, 372, 389, 391, 397–399, 402, 404–405, 407, 409, 414, 420, 423, 427, 437, 439–440, 447–448, 452–453, 455–458
- word recognition x, 12, 16, 18, 26, 31, 35, 37, 40–42, 44, 68, 95, 97, 111, 118, 149, 151, 156, 158–159, 162–163, 170–175, 190–191, 223, 225, 243, 267–268, 270, 272–277, 279–280, 285–286, 288–290, 295–296, 308–309, 346, 348, 351–352, 356–357, 364, 370–371, 373, 375–376, 385–388, 391, 394, 403–404, 406–409, 415, 425, 429, 432–433, 444–445, 447, 456, 458
- word segmentation 295, 311, 354
- working memory 3–5, 7, 9, 11, 16–21, 25–26, 28, 30–32, 34, 36, 39, 41, 43, 45–46, 49–52, 55–57, 63, 66, 68–69, 70–71, 73–77, 82, 89, 96–97, 100, 109, 113, 120, 139–145, 148, 152–154, 158, 162, 172–174, 179–180, 196–197, 199, 205–206, 213, 221–222, 225, 231, 237, 239–242, 268, 289, 296, 308–309, 311, 313, 316, 319, 335, 338–339, 346–347, 350, 356, 371, 377, 389, 391, 393–394, 397, 404, 410–412, 414–415, 419, 421, 423, 425–426, 444, 450, 458
- writing system/s ix, 1–7, 9, 11, 15, 19–21, 30, 40, 42, 44–46, 49–53, 55–58, 61–71, 73, 85, 88–89, 91, 93, 114–115, 117, 120, 155, 159, 179–180, 195–198, 241–242, 267–269, 271, 286, 288, 290, 298, 307, 311, 335, 340, 345, 352, 371, 388–389, 391–392, 394, 397, 404–406, 420, 425–426, 444, 448, 450, 456, 458
- written language 1–2, 4–5, 20, 43–44, 50–51, 56–57, 93–94, 119, 149, 180–181, 194–197, 241–242, 310, 352, 396, 448, 450, 453, 455
Y
- Yin and Yang 336, 341
Z
- Zhuyin Fuhao 29, 104
