In:Second Language Acquisition Theory: The legacy of Professor Michael H. Long
Edited by Alessandro G. Benati and John W. Schwieter
[Bilingual Processing and Acquisition 14] 2022
► pp. 235–256
Chapter 12A task-based needs analysis framework for TBLT
Theory, purpose, and application
Published online: 11 August 2022
https://doi.org/10.1075/bpa.14.12gro
https://doi.org/10.1075/bpa.14.12gro
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the evidenced-based Task Based Needs Analysis (NA) model that Michael Long developed as a tool for Task Based Language Teaching (TBLT). It describes the theoretical underpinnings of the model, its purpose and aims, its function in TBLT, how it contributes to task and syllabus design, and importantly, how the framework foregrounds the ‘real life’ aspects of language learning that is integral the definition of task as proposed by Michael Long.
Article outline
- Introduction
- Background and theoretical underpinnings of the TBNA model
- The emergence of TBNA research
- Task as the unit of analysis in NA research
- The multi-method multi-source approach to TBNA methodology
- Purpose and aims of NA
- Developing a new TBLT syllabus
- Renovating existing syllabuses
- Integrating TBLT practices into existing vocational skills training programs
- Guiding material writers for business English adult learners
- How TBNA contributes to syllabus and pedagogic task design
- The business Spanish language course
- The Japanese language course for study-abroad students
- How the TBNA foregrounds the real life aspects of language learning: Case study
- VET high school programs for Australian Aboriginal students
- Conclusion
References
References (52)
Breen, M., & Candlin, C. N. (1980). The essentials of a communicative curriculum in language teaching. Applied Linguistics, 1, 89–112.
Cowling, J. D. (2007). Needs analysis: Planning a syllabus for a series of intensive workplace courses at a leading Japanese company. English for Special Purposes, 26, 426–442.
(2017). Task-based language teaching. In S. Loewen & M. Sato (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of instructed second language acquisition (pp. 108–125). Routledge.
Evans, S. (2010). Business as usual: The use of English in the professional world in Hong Kong. English for Special Purposes, 29, 153–167.
Gass, S. M. (1997). Input, interaction, and the second language learner. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
(2003). Input and interaction. In C. J. Doughty & M. H. Long (Eds.), The handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 224–255). Blackwell.
Gass, S. M., Mackey, A., Alvarez-Torres, M. J., & Fernandez-Garcia, M. (1999). The effects of task repetition on linguistic output. Language Learning, 49(4), 549–581.
Gass, S. M., Mackey, A., & Ross-Feldman, L. (2011). Task-based interactions in classroom and laboratory settings. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Task-based language learning (Language Learning 61: Supplement, pp. 189–216). Wiley-Blackwell.
Gilabert, R. (2005). Evaluating the use of multiple sources and methods in needs analysis: A case study of journalists in the Autonomous Community of Catalonia (Spain). In M. H. Long (Ed.), Second language needs analysis (pp. 182–199). Cambridge University Press.
Grote, E., & Rochecouste, J. (2012). Language and the classroom setting. In Q. Beresford & G. Partington (Eds.), Reform and resistance in aboriginal education. UWA Press.
Huh, S. (2006). A task-based needs analysis for a business English course. Second Language Studies, 24(2), 1–64.
Iizuka, T. (2019). Task-based needs analysis: Identifying communictive needs for study abroad students in Japan. System 80, 134–142.
Jasso-Aguilar, R. (1999). Sources, methods and triangulation in needs analysis: A critical perspective in a case study of Waikiki hotel maids. English for Special Purposes, 18(1), 27–46.
(2005). Sources, methods and triangulation in needs analysis: A critical perspective in a case study of Waikiki hotel maids. In M. H. Long (Ed.), Second language needs analysis (pp. 127–158). Cambridge University Press.
Klee, C. A. (2015). Content-based programs and Spanish for the professions. In M. Lacorte (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of hispanic applied linguistics (pp. 184–201). Routledge.
Lambert, C. (2010). A task-based needs analysis: Putting principles into practice. Language Teaching Research, 14(1), 99–112.
Loewen, S., & Sato, M. (2018). State-of-the-art article: Interaction and instructed second language acquisition. Language Teaching, 51(3), 285–329.
Long, M. H. (1996). The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition. In W. C. Ritchie & T. K. Bhatia (Eds.), Handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 413–468). Academic Press.
(2000). Focus on form in task-based language teaching. In R. D. Lambert & E. Shohamy (Eds.), Language policy and pedagogy (pp. 191–196). John Benjamins.
(2005a). Methodological issues in learner needs analysis. In M. H. Long (Ed.), Second language needs analysis (pp. 19–76). Cambridge University Press.
(2005b). Overview: A rationale for needs analysis and needs analysis research. In M. H. Long (Ed.), Second language needs analysis (pp. 1–16). Cambridge University Press.
(2016). In defense of tasks and TBLT: Nonissues and real issues. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 36, 5–33.
Long, M. H., & Crookes, G. (1992). Three approaches to task-based syllabus design. TESOL Quarterly, 26(1), 27–56.
Long, M. H., & Norris, J. (2000). Task-based language teaching and assessment. In M. Byram (Ed.), Encyclopedia of language teaching (pp. 597–603). Routledge.
Malcolm, I. G., & Grote, E. (2007). Aboriginal English: Restructured variety for cultural maintenance. In G. Leitner & I. Malcolm (Eds.), The habitat of Australia’s Aboriginal languages: Past, present and future (pp. 153–179). Mouton de Gruyter.
Ogilvie, G., & Dunn, W. (2010). Taking teacher education to task: Exploring the role of teacher education in promoting the utilization of task-based language teaching. Language Teaching Research, 14, 161–181.
Oliver, R. (2020). Developing authentic tasks for the workplace using needs analysis: A case study of Australian aboriginal vocational students. In C. Lambert & R. Oliver (Eds.), Using tasks in diverse contexts (pp. 146–161). Multilingual Matters.
(2021) Developing a task-based approach: A case study of Australian Aboriginal VET students. In M. J. Ahmadian & M. H. Long (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of task based language teaching (pp. 99–108). Cambridge University Press.
Oliver, R., & Grote, E. (2010). (School name) CAPS student needs: Emerging themes. Edith Cowan University.
(2016). A second language task-based needs analysis for Australian Aboriginal learners: Accessing insider perspectives of the workplace and cultural domains. In A. Mackey & E. Marsden (Eds.), Advancing methodology and practice: The IRIS repository of instruments for research (pp. 224–242). Routledge.
Oliver, R., Grote, E., Rochecouste, J., & Exell, M. (2012). Addressing the language and literacy needs of Aboriginal high school VET students who speak Standard Australian English as an additional language. The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 41(2), 229–239.
(2013a). Needs analysis for task-based teaching: A case study of Indigenous vocational education and training students who speak EAL/EAD. TESOL in Context, 22(2), 36–50.
(2013b). A task-based needs analysis for Australian Aboriginal students: Going beyond the target situation to address cultural issues. International Journal of Training Research, 11(3), 246–259.
Oliver, R., Sato, M., Ballinger, S., & Pan, L. (2019). Content and language integrated learning classes for child mandarin L2 learners. In M. Sato & S. Loewen (Eds.), Evidence-based second language pedagogy: A collection of instructed second language acquisition studies (pp. 81–102). Routledge.
Platt, E., & Brooks, F. B. (2002). Task engagement: A turning point in foreign language development. Language Learning, 52(2), 365–400.
Richards, J., & Rodgers, T. (2014). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge University Press.
Robinson, P. (Ed.). (2011). Task-based language learning (Language Learning 61: Supplement). Wiley-Blackwell.
Serafini, E. J., & Torres, J. (2015). The utility of needs analysis for nondomain expert instructors in designing task-based Spanish for the professions curricula. Foreign Language Annals, 48(3), 447–469.
Trim, J. L. M. (2007). Modern Languages in the Council of Europe 1954–1997. Strasbourg. Retrieved on 11 February 2022 from [URL]
Cited by (4)
Cited by four other publications
Asseldonk, Anne G. H. van, Christine C. F. Troussart Van Bulck, Lies Strobbe & Goedele Vandommele
2025. The development and reception of a digital task-based exam for young learners of Dutch as a Foreign
Language. TASK. Journal on Task-Based Language Teaching and Learning 5:1 ► pp. 25 ff.
Oliver, Rhonda
2025. Tasks for diverse learners in diverse contexts. In Broadening the Horizon of TBLT [Task-Based Language Teaching, 17], ► pp. 236 ff.
Oliver, Rhonda
2025. A walk through time. In Child-centered Approaches to Applied Linguistic Research [Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 13], ► pp. 131 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 3 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
