In:Understanding L2 Proficiency: Theoretical and meta-analytic investigations
Edited by Eun Hee Jeon and Yo In'nami
[Bilingual Processing and Acquisition 13] 2022
► pp. 213–233
Get fulltext
Chapter 7L2 listening comprehension
Theory and research
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.
Published online: 4 August 2022
https://doi.org/10.1075/bpa.13.07wag
https://doi.org/10.1075/bpa.13.07wag
Abstract
This chapter examines how L2 listening ability has been modeled and operationalized in the research literature, and provides a critical overview of the dominant models. It also describes how researchers have used both taxonomies of listening skills as well as data-driven approaches to creating models of listening ability. The chapter then provides a critical discussion of how the constructs of L2 listening ability have been operationalized and measured by empirical researchers. The chapter concludes with an analysis of why models and operationalizations of L2 listening ability have often neglected to include or focus on those aspects of language that are unique to listening ability.
Article outline
- 1.Background: A conceptual introduction to the key constructs and models of L2 listening
- 1.1Taxonomies and data-driven examinations of L2 listening ability
- 1.2Models of second language (L2) listening ability
- 1.3L2 listening, L1 listening, and reading
- 2.Measurement practices: A critical discussion of how the constructs and their components have been operationalized and measured by empirical researchers
- 2.1Interactive speaking/listening ability
- 2.2Differentiating listening from reading
- 2.3Length of the spoken text
- 2.4Listening task response
- 2.5Audio-only versus audio-visual input
- 2.6Accent and dialect variety
- 2.7Real-world spoken input
- 3.Conclusion
References
References (65)
Aitken, K. (1978). Measuring listening comprehension. English as a second language. TEAL Occasional Papers (Vol. 2). British Colombia Association of Teachers of English as an Additional Language. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED155945)
Aotani, M. (2011). Factors affecting the holistic listening of Japanese learners of English (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Temple University Japan, Tokyo, Japan.
Bernhardt, E., & Kamil, M. (1995). Interpreting relationships between L1 and L2 reading: Consolidating the linguistic interdependent hypotheses. Applied Linguistics,
16
(1), 15–34.
Brindley, G. (1998). Assessing listening abilities. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics,
18
, 171–191.
Brown, J. D., & Trace, J. (2018). In G. Ockey & E. Wagner (Eds.), Assessing L2 listening: Moving towards authenticity (pp. 45–63). John Benjamins.
Buck, G. (1991). The testing of listening comprehension: An introspective study. Language Testing,
8
(1), 67–91.
(1994). The appropriacy of psychometric measurement models for testing second language listening comprehension. Language Testing,
11
(2), 145–170.
Buck, G., & Tatsuoka, K. (1998). Application of the rule-space procedure to language testing: Examining attributes of a free response listening test. Language Testing,
15
(2), 119–157.
Buck, G., Tatsuoka, K., Kostin, I., & Phelps, M. (1997). The sub-skills of listening: Rule-space analysis of a multiple-choice test of second language listening comprehension. In A. Huhta, V. Kohonen, L. Kurki-Suonio, & S. Luoma (Eds.), Current developments and alternatives in language assessment. Universities of Tampere and Jyvaskyla.
Canagarajah, S. (2006). Changing communicative needs, revised assessment objectives: Testing English as an international language. Language Assessment Quarterly,
3
(3), 229–242.
Carney, N. (2018). Diagnosing L2 bottom-up listening abilities of Japanese university EFL learners (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Temple University Japan, Tokyo, Japan.
Coniam, D. (2001). The use of audio or video comprehension as an assessment instrument in the certification of English language teachers: A case study. System,
29
, 1–14.
Dunkel, P., Henning, G., & Chaudron, C. (1993). The assessment of an L2 listening comprehension construct: A tentative model for test specification and development. The Modern Language Journal,
77
(2), 180–191.
East, M., & King, C. (2012). L2 learners’ engagement with high stakes listening test: Does technology have a beneficial role to play? CALICO Journal,
29
, 208–223.
(2013). Cognitive validity. In A. Geranpayeh & L. Taylor (Eds.), Examining listening. Research and practice in assessing second language listening (pp. 77–151). Cambridge University Press.
Freedle, R., & Kostin, I. (1999). Does the text matter in a multiple-choice test of comprehension? The case for the construct validity of TOEFL’s minitalks. Language Testing,
16
(1), 2–32.
Gass, S., & Varonis, M. (1984). The effect of familiarity on the comprehensibility of nonnative speech. Language Learning,
34
(1), 65–89.
Gilmore. (2007). Authentic materials and authenticity in foreign language learning. Language Teaching,
40
(2), 97–118.
Griffiths, R. (1992). Speech rate and listening comprehension: Further evidence of the relationship. TESOL Quarterly,
26
(2), 385–391.
Hulstijn, J. H. (2015). Language proficiency in native and non-native speakers: Theory and research. John Benjamins.
Isaacs, T. (2008). Towards defining a valid assessment criterion of pronunciation proficiency in non-native English-speaking graduate students. Canadian Modern Language Review,
64
(4), 555–580.
Kelly, P. (1991). Lexical ignorance: The main obstacle to listening comprehension with advanced foreign language learners. IRAL,
29
, 135–149.
Lee, J., & Schallert, D. (1997). The relative contribution of L2 language proficiency and L1 reading ability to L2 reading performance: A test of the threshold hypothesis in an EFL context. TESOL Quarterly,
31
(4), 713–739.
Lund, R. (1991). A comparison of second language listening and reading comprehension. The Modern Language Journal,
75
(2), 196–204.
McBride, K. (2011). The effect of rate of speech and distributed practice on the development of listening comprehension. Computer Assisted Language Learning,
24
(2), 131–154.
McCarthy, M., & Carter, R. (1995). Spoken grammar: What is it and how can we teach it? ELT Journal,
49
(3), 207–218.
Nakatsuhara, F. (2018). Investigating examiner interventions in relation to the listening demands they make on candidates in oral interview tests. In G. Ockey & E. Wagner (Eds.), Assessing L2 listening: Moving towards authenticity (pp. 205–226). John Benjamins.
Nissan, S., DeVenicenzi, F., & Tang, K. (1996). An analysis of factors affecting the difficulty of dialogue items in TOEFL listening comprehension (TOEFL Research Report No. 51). Educational Testing Service.
Ockey, G. (2007). Construct implications of including still image or video in computer-based listening tests. Language Testing,
24
(4), 517–537.
(2018). The degree to which it matters if an oral test task requires listening. In G. Ockey & E. Wagner (Eds.), Assessing L2 listening: Moving towards authenticity (pp. 193–204). John Benjamins.
Ockey, G., & Wagner, E. (2018). Assessing L2 listening: Moving towards authenticity. John Benjamins.
(1991). Dual coding theory: retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology,
45
(3), 255–287.
Peterson, P. (1991). A synthesis of methods for interactive listening. In M. Celce-Murcia (Ed.), Teaching English as a second or foreign language (2nd ed., pp. 106–122). Newbury House.
Richards, J. C. (1983). Listening comprehension: Approach, design, procedure. TESOL Quarterly,
17
(2), 219–240.
Song, M. (2008). Do divisible subskills exist in second language (L2) comprehension? A structural equation modeling approach. Language Testing,
25
(4), 435–464.
Vandergrift, L. (2006). Second language listening: Listening ability or language proficiency. The Modern Language Journal,
90
(1), 6–18.
(2007). Recent developments in second and foreign language listening comprehension. Language Teaching,
40
(3), 191–210.
Vandergrift, L., & Goh, C. (2012). Teaching and learning second language listening: Metacognition in action. Routledge.
Wagner, E. (2002). Video listening tests: A pilot study. Working Papers in TESOL & Applied Linguistics, Teachers College, Columbia University,
2
(1). Retrieved on 1 May 2019 from [URL]
(2004). A construct validation study of the extended listening sections of the ECPE and MELAB. Spaan Fellow Working Papers in Second or Foreign Language Assessment,
2
, 1–26.
(2008). Video listening tests: What are they measuring? Language Assessment Quarterly,
5
(3), 218–243.
(2010b). The effect of the use of video texts on ESL listening test-taker performance. Language Testing,
27
(4), 493–513.
(2013). An investigation of how the channel of input and access to test questions affect L2 listening test performance. Language Assessment Quarterly,
10
(2), 178–195.
(2014a). Using unscripted spoken texts to prepare L2 learners for real world listening. TESOL Journal,
5
(2), 288–311.
(2014b). Assessing listening. In A. Kunnan (Ed.), Companion to language assessment (Vol. 1, pp. 47–63). Wiley-Blackwell.
(2016). Authentic texts in the assessment of L2 listening ability. In J. Banarjee & D. Tsagari (Eds.), Contemporary second language assessment (pp. 438–463). Continuum.
(2018). A comparison of L2 listening performance on tests with scripted or authenticated spoken texts. In G. Ockey & E. Wagner (Eds.), Assessing L2 listening: Moving towards authenticity (pp. 29–44). John Benjamins.
Wagner, E., & Wagner, S. (2016). Scripted and unscripted spoken texts used in listening tasks on high stakes tests in China, Japan, and Taiwan. In V. Aryadoust & J. Fox (Eds.), Current trends in language testing in the Pacific Rim and the Middle East: Policies, analyses, and diagnoses (pp. 103–123). Cambridge Scholars.
Wagner, E., & Ockey, G. (2018). An overview of the use of authentic, real-world spoken texts on L2 listening tests. In G. Ockey & E. Wagner (Eds.), Assessing L2 listening: Moving towards authenticity (pp. 13–28). John Benjamins.
Cited by (4)
Cited by four other publications
Pastorino-Campos, Carla, Amy Devine & Louise Gilbert
Kormos, Judit, Kathrin Eberharter, Elisa Guggenbichler, Simone Baumgartinger, Viktoria Ebner & Benjamin Kremmel
Eberharter, Kathrin, Judit Kormos, Elisa Guggenbichler, Viktoria S. Ebner, Shungo Suzuki, Doris Moser-Frötscher, Eva Konrad & Benjamin Kremmel
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 3 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
