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In:Prediction in Second Language Processing and Learning
Edited by Edith Kaan and Theres Grüter
[Bilingual Processing and Acquisition 12] 2021
► pp. 1–24

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Chapter 1
Prediction in second language processing and learning

Advances and directions

 | University of Florida
 | University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa
Published online: 22 September 2021
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https://doi.org/10.1075/bpa.12.01kaa
Abstract
There is ample evidence that language users, including second language (L2) speakers, can predict upcoming information during listening and reading. Yet it is still unclear when, how, and why language users engage in prediction, and what the relation is between prediction and learning. This volume presents a collection of current research, insights and directions regarding the role of prediction in L2 processing and learning. In this introductory chapter, we provide an overview of the current state of the field and highlight that prediction may not always be the most efficient processing mechanism, depending on a language user’s linguistic experience, task demands, goals and resources. We propose that a focus on the utility of prediction may help us better understand differences in predictive processing within and between individuals and groups.
Article outline
  • Introduction
  • What is prediction and what is it good for in L2 learning and processing?
    • What is prediction?
    • What is prediction good for?
  • A brief history of prediction in language processing research
    • Research on prediction in L1 sentence processing
    • Research on prediction in L2 sentence processing
  • Prediction in L1 and L2 processing: The role of utility
    • Cue reliability and utility in L1 predictive processing
    • Cue reliability and utility in L2 predictive processing
    • A note about proficiency
  • Prediction and learning
    • Insights from L1 speakers
    • Insights from L2 speakers
    • Again: Utility
  • Concluding remarks, synopses of chapters, and future directions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
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Schlenter, Judith & Marit Westergaard
2024. What eye and hand movements tell us about expectations towards argument order: An eye- and mouse-tracking study in German. Acta Psychologica 246 ► pp. 104241 ff. DOI logo
Vanek, Norbert, Ana Matić Škorić, Sara Košutar, Štěpán Matějka & Kate Stone
2024. Looks at what isn't there: eye movements on a blank screen when processing negation in a first and a second language. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 18 DOI logo
Ahn, Hyunah & Mi-Jeong Song
2023. L1-Korean speakers’ definiteness processing in L2 English: A visual world paradigm eye tracking study. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 26:3 ► pp. 556 ff. DOI logo
Alzahrani, Alaa
2023. What is the next structure? Guessing enhances L2 syntactic learning in a syntactic priming task. Frontiers in Psychology 14 DOI logo
Fernandez, Leigh B., Agnesa Xheladini & Shanley E. M. Allen
2023. Proficient L2 readers do not have a risky reading strategy. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 13:6 ► pp. 854 ff. DOI logo
Lago, Sol, Kate Stone, Elise Oltrogge & João Veríssimo
2023. Possessive Processing in Bilingual Comprehension. Language Learning 73:3 ► pp. 904 ff. DOI logo
Schlenter, Judith
2023. Prediction in bilingual sentence processing: How prediction differs in a later learned language from a first language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 26:2 ► pp. 253 ff. DOI logo
Wigdorowitz, Mandy, Ana I. Pérez & Ianthi M. Tsimpli
2023. High-level listening comprehension in advanced English as a second language: Effects of the first language and inhibitory control. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 26:5 ► pp. 865 ff. DOI logo
Bovolenta, Giulia & Emma Marsden
2022. PREDICTION AND ERROR-BASED LEARNING IN L2 PROCESSING AND ACQUISITION. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44:5 ► pp. 1384 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Yiguang, Florian Hintz, Junying Liang & Falk Huettig
2022. Prediction in challenging situations: Most bilinguals can predict upcoming semantically-related words in their L1 source language when interpreting. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25:5 ► pp. 801 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 3 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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