In:The Evolution of Pronunciation Teaching and Research: 25 years of intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness
Edited by John M. Levis, Tracey M. Derwing and Murray J. Munro
[Benjamins Current Topics 121] 2022
► pp. 229–234
Subject index
Published online: 1 June 2022
https://doi.org/10.1075/bct.121.si
https://doi.org/10.1075/bct.121.si
A
- Accent
22, 44–45, 114, 170
- discrimination29
- diversity 36–37
- gravity9
- rating 15, 19–21, 23, 69, 212
- reduction 8, 41, 53
- strength209
- Accentedness 1–3, 7–9, 13, 15–17, 21, 24, 26–29, 34–36, 45, 51–55, 58, 60–70, 77, 103–104, 106–108, 111–120, 125, 127–128, 131, 133, 135–139, 143–144, 146–147, 207–208, 210–213, 216, 220, 224
- Accuracy 13, 18, 54, 60, 104–105, 107, 118, 126, 138–139, 155–156, 173
- Acoustic signal186
- Adaptation 69, 156, 173–174, 188
- Adult Migrant English Programs (AMEP) 81–82, 91–94, 99
- Affective response 175–176
- Age 56, 59, 62–64, 68, 87, 179
- Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) 164, 194
- Amplitude212
- AMT 56–58, 69
- Anxiety 159, 168, 170–171, 174, 176
- Articulation rate59
- Aspiration182
- Attention to form118
- Attitudes 2, 20, 148, 156, 208–209, 213, 222
- Awareness-raising instruction119
B
- Backchannel40
- Background noise 83, 200, 210
- Background questionnaire 55–57, 110, 130, 159
- Bayesian164
- Bilinguals35
- Bonferroni correction193
- Bottom-up 186, 200, 223
- British English 38, 41, 45, 159, 181, 191
C
- Can-do statement 57, 188
- Canadian Language Benchmarks129
- Cause-effect183
- Ceiling effect 189, 199
- Certificate of Spoken and Written English (CSWE)82
- Chunking182
- Co-occurrence problem183
- Co-text 190–191, 198–200
- Coda consonant146
- Cognitive difficulty174
- Cognitive factor 210, 212
- Collaboration 168–171, 174
- Collaborativeness 159, 176
- Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) 188–189, 200
- Communication 25, 36, 38, 40–41, 44, 46, 68, 76, 118, 170–171, 208
- Communication breakdown 172, 183–184, 186
- Communication skills 29, 105
- Communication success 36–37, 39
- Communicative effectiveness 39, 104–105
- Competence 35–36, 208
- Competent speaker 104–105
- Comprehensibility
- development 77, 80, 94–95
- judgment 1, 9, 15, 24, 133, 171
- profile154
- rating 3, 12, 15, 19–20, 24, 26, 53–55, 60, 63, 77–82, 85, 95, 97–98, 136–137, 144, 154–155, 157–158, 161, 163–166, 170–175, 209
- scale 9, 28, 61, 156
- within interaction154
- Comprehensible 4, 15, 24, 34, 52, 61–62, 64–65, 68, 70, 80, 85–86, 89, 94–95, 97, 137, 146, 165, 168, 170, 210, 213–216, 218, 221
- Comprehension 9, 14, 18, 24, 27, 37, 154, 156, 173, 182, 211
- Consonant 37, 133–135, 137–138, 140, 144, 182
- Consonant cluster182
- Consonantal error 133–134
- Construct validity 126, 147
- Content 1, 9, 107, 137
- Content words 14, 17, 134, 137, 139, 144, 146–147, 189
- Context 4, 33–35, 38–39, 42–44, 46, 52–53, 56, 69, 90–92, 96, 109, 117, 120, 157, 186–187, 190–191, 200, 207–208, 212, 216–218, 223–224
- Context manipulation 211–212, 220
- Contexts of English use 90–91, 96
- Contexts of learning52
- Contextual cues 186, 200–201
- Contextual support 186–187, 190, 196, 198, 200
- Continuous predictor 60, 62–64
- Contrasts 37, 67, 182, 184, 197–198, 220
- Convergence 8, 165, 171, 173–175, 194
- Conversation 79, 93, 117, 129, 156–158, 171, 174–175, 201
- Conversation partner 157–158, 162
- Conversational experience 174–175
- Correction 60, 62, 68
- Correlate 9, 22–23, 25, 52, 54, 115, 118, 138, 144, 161, 198, 208, 211, 222–223
- Covariate 59, 61–65, 68–69, 161–162, 165
- Covert208
- Covert prestige208
- Credibility223
- Cronbach’s alpha (α) 85, 113, 134
D
- Delayed recall 132, 134–136
- Deletion 13, 58, 133, 135, 141
- Dependent variable 59, 162, 194, 215
- Dialogic120
- Different POS (part of speech) 187, 190, 192–194, 196–199
- Diphthongization55
- Direct magnitude estimation (DME)154
- Discourse 8, 147, 155–157, 172, 174
- Discrete linguistic measure 126–127, 133
- Discriminate46
- Discriminatory 20, 37, 46
- Discriminatory behavior29
- Disfluency 135, 141, 147, 156
- Disfluent speech156
- Divergence 146, 165, 171, 175
- Downgrade 4, 8, 156, 210, 219–220, 222
- Drip-feed instruction 103–104, 107, 109, 116–117, 119–120
- Duration 10–11, 59, 106, 114, 129, 131–132, 134, 147
- Dynamic approach 79, 156
- Dynamic rater157
- Dynamic rating 79, 98
E
- Ease of interpretation9
- Ecological validity 25, 183
- Educational background83
- Effect size 109, 113, 115–116, 140, 147, 193
- EFL instruction104
- Ejectives42
- ELF context 182, 185
- ELF interaction 182, 186, 200
- Elicited imitation25
- Engagement 175–176
- English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) 45, 181
- English as a Second Language 10, 52, 76, 129
- English use 2, 43, 56, 59, 62–64, 76–78, 80–81, 83, 86–96, 98
- English Vocabulary Profile189
- Epenthesis 135, 141
- Error category 66–67
- Error frequency8
- Error gravity8
- Error 17, 22, 58, 141
- ESL 10–11, 23, 30, 52–53, 66, 69–70, 76, 84, 107–110, 112, 120, 129–130
- Evaluation 45, 52, 54, 156, 159, 172, 194, 207–213, 215–216, 218, 221–224
- English Vocabulary Profile (EVP) 189–191
- Exact word match 14, 59, 187
- Expanding circle 43, 185
- Experience 26, 41, 103–107, 109, 117, 120, 125, 127–128, 132, 136–137, 140–143, 155, 161, 169, 172–175, 208, 210, 216, 221–222, 224
- Experienced rater139
- Experimental condition 190, 194, 198
- Expert rater 104, 144
- Exposure 45, 76–77, 95, 104–106, 128–131, 146, 148, 172, 188, 214, 218
- Extemporaneous 23, 25, 129, 134
- Extra-linguistic 186, 191
F
- False start 78, 111, 130
- Familiarity 19, 26, 38, 56, 59, 62–64, 68, 78–79, 112, 130, 143, 146, 169–170, 188, 192, 195
- Fatigue 113, 131
- Filled pause 141, 145, 147
- Films41
- First language 76, 127, 188, 205
- Fixed effect 60–64, 162, 165, 168, 195–196, 218
- Foreign Language learner (FL learner) 52–53, 56, 69–70
- Fluency
1, 3, 8, 27, 55, 77, 85, 104–107, 111–120, 125, 127–128, 130–131, 133, 135–140, 143–148, 155–156, 169–170, 209
- fluency measure 114–115, 128, 133, 156
- utterance fluency 114–117
- Fluidity 112, 114
- Foreign accent 8–10, 12, 15–16, 18, 21–25, 41, 45, 54, 106, 173, 182, 209
- Formant frequency147
- Formulaic language78
- Francophone108
- Frequency 15, 17, 78, 128, 136, 139–140, 142–143, 145, 147–148, 157, 161, 170, 173, 181, 184
- Friedman test193
- Function word 14, 17–18, 134, 137, 139–140, 144
- Functional load (FL) 1, 3, 24–27, 37, 118, 134, 144, 184–185
G
- Generalizability 53, 211, 216–217
- Global features
- accent reduction25
- foreign accent9
- speech ratings 79, 127–128, 133, 136, 139, 148
- proficiency59
- speech dimension 54, 65
- Goodness-of-fit194
- Grammatical
- error 13–14, 22–23, 51, 54–55, 58–59, 65, 67–68, 70
- form2
- information190
- Growth model163
- Guise 210, 212
H
- Hesitation 57, 78, 111, 130–131, 135
- Holistic rating128
I
- Ideal listener/speaker35
- Identity 33, 35, 41, 45
- IELTS (International English Language Testing System) 79–80, 82, 97, 158, 161–162, 165, 168
- Immigrant 2, 35
- Individual differences26
- Individual variation 2, 76–78, 80–81, 86, 94, 98
- Information gap105
- Inner circle 35, 42–43
- Insertion 13–14, 58
- Instruction time105
- Instructional approach 2, 28
- Intelligibility
- breakdown 28, 134, 144
- principle 2, 33–39, 42, 44–46
- score 15, 18–20, 22, 24, 26, 28–29, 54, 59–60, 62, 209
- unintelligibility 14, 182–184, 200
- word intelligibility 187, 190–191, 200
- Intensive English 104–105, 107–108, 116
- Intensive instruction 104–107, 109, 116–117, 119–120
- Interaction 3, 29, 39, 42–44, 56, 77–79, 98, 127, 131, 153–154, 157, 159–161, 165, 167–168, 172–176, 182–183, 186, 195, 200, 208, 219–220
- Interactive alignment 173, 175
- Interactive task 3, 157–158, 175
- Intercorrelations23
- Interlocutor 45, 156–157, 171–175, 184
- Intermediate (-level) 2, 66, 80–82, 86–91, 94–95, 97–98, 184–185, 188, 219
- International
- audience 186–187, 198
- communication184
- context 183, 201
- intelligibility 3, 182–187, 198, 201
- Interrater reliability 19, 85, 113, 126
- Intervention 25–27, 76, 121–122
- Intonation 14, 20–23, 27, 55, 112, 135, 140, 155, 169
- Intraclass correlationSee Cronbach's alpha (α)
- Introspective report 127–128, 132, 134–136, 140, 145, 147–148
- IRIS 55, 57, 86–89, 93, 176
- Irritation156
J
- Job interview79
K
- K-1252
- Korean-accented English 214, 218
L
- L1 20, 38, 41, 45–46, 54, 76, 84, 127–129, 135–144, 146–147, 195, 205
- L1-L2 pairing52
- L2
- speech 3, 13, 20, 25–29, 37, 52, 62–63, 68–69, 84, 126–129, 133–134, 147–148, 161, 175, 221
- learner performance126
- practice 105, 117, 119–120
- proficiency 104, 107, 109, 116–117, 119, 120, 143
- pronunciation 1–4, 26–27, 33–37, 45–46, 76, 125–129, 144–145, 147–148, 182
- Spanish 3, 52–53, 55–57, 59, 62–64, 66, 68, 70, 79, 156
- use107
- Language assessment2
- Language background 3, 55–56, 84, 91, 125, 157–158, 211, 214
- Language experience41
- Language exposure 106, 129
- Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC)129
- Language log78
- Language output106
- Language proficiency 112, 174
- Language use 55, 112, 117, 157
- Learning context 53, 104, 117, 120
- Learning gains106
- Learning goals34
- Lexical
- analysis160
- category199
- error 118, 135
- substitution171
- type frequency162
- Lexicogrammar155
- Likert 9, 12, 56, 111–113
- Linear function171
- Lingua franca context188
- Lingua Franca Core(LFC) 3, 182–185, 187, 198, 201
- Linguistic context 155, 190
- Linguistic feature 39, 54–55, 105, 126–127, 145, 147
- Linguistic measure 127, 147–148, 155
- Linking 135, 140–142, 147
- Listener
- judgment 1, 27, 54, 161
- rating 11, 16, 27, 54, 77
- reaction27
- training126
- Listening proficiency 161, 164, 188–189, 200
- Listening task 57–58
- Log-likelihood ratio test194
- Loglinear analysis 136, 139–141, 147
- Long-term effect 104, 106–107, 116, 119, 175
- Longitudinal 2, 27, 76, 80–85, 94, 96–99, 106, 118, 120
- Loudness57
- Low FL (Functional Load)26
- Low pass filter144
- Low-proficiency188
M
- Materials 4, 45, 70, 176, 189, 212, 216
- Mean length of run (MLR) 114–117
- Meaning-focused118
- Mechanical Turk (MT) 56, 58, 70, 217
- Meta-analysis144
- Methodological choice 1, 70
- Minimal pair 184–190, 192–194, 196–199
- Miscommunication183
- Mixed effects 28–29, 194, 214, 218
- Models 37–38, 45, 120
- Monolingual 35, 42
- Monologic 25, 120, 154
- Monologue79
- Monosyllabic word189
- Morphosyntactic error 13, 144, 155
- MPSee Minimal Pair
- Multicompetence46
- Mutual comprehensibility3
- Mutually intelligible40
N
- Narration 10, 53
- Narrative review25
- Narrative speech25
- Narrative task 79, 104, 110–112, 116, 120
- Native speaker 8, 15, 29, 35, 37–38, 41–46, 52–53, 83–84, 210
- Native speech 15, 20, 56, 59, 61, 210, 223
- Native-like 14–15, 21, 24, 35, 37, 41, 54
- Nativeness principle 2, 33–39, 42–43, 45–46
- Naturalistic L2 acquisition2
- Naturalistic pronunciation development28
- Near-native 35, 214
- NNS listener 188–189, 200–201
- Noise 40, 96, 145, 210–211, 221
- Non-dynamic rater157
- Non-intensive104
- non-MP word 186, 193–194, 197–199
- Nonnative 8, 12–13, 15, 18, 20–21, 23, 26–27, 36–38, 43–45
- Nonnative teacher 36–38
- Non-standard accent45
- Norm-referenced28
- North Wind and the Sun212
- Novel word 14, 17
- Novice rater 3, 125, 127–128, 130–134, 137, 139–140, 143–145
- Nuclear stress182
- NURSE (vowel) 3, 182
O
- Omission 8, 14, 17–18
- One-way listening task157
- Online learning156
- Open vowel184
- Oral
- ability105
- communication 4, 39–40, 118
- performance 105–106, 120, 129
- production 103–107, 109–113, 115–117, 119–120
- skill 37, 113, 120
- task 107, 120
- Orthographic transcription 12, 17–18, 20, 22, 26, 187
- Orthography 4, 12, 201, 210–216, 218–223
- Outer circle 42–43
- Overt prestige208
P
- Pace 64, 69, 142
- Pacing135
- Pairwise comparisons193
- part of speech
- same vs different in functional load 187, 190–199
- Partial independence 27, 53, 118
- Partially independent 3, 23, 54, 154, 207
- Participation 58, 175, 217
- Pause length 59, 62, 68, 112, 114–115, 134, 141
- Pausing 59, 116–117, 132, 135, 140, 142, 145, 173
- Peak amplitude130
- Pearson correlation coefficient20
- Pearson correlation 136–137
- Pedagogic practice183
- Pedagogical goal2
- Peer-rating159
- Perceived comprehensibility 9, 15–16, 18–24, 28
- Perceived difficulty155
- Perception 8, 10, 22, 26, 44, 53, 68, 104–106, 115–116, 118–120, 127–128, 175, 222
- Perceptual 104, 106, 113–114, 120, 125–127, 139, 172
- Performance 111, 120, 126, 128- 129, 147–148, 175, 210
- Personality135
- Phonation time 114–117
- Phonemic error 13, 23, 54–55, 58, 65–67, 70, 171, 198
- Phonemic substitution 155, 185–186, 201
- Phonetic analysis55
- Phonetic error 13, 23, 198
- Phonetic score 21–22
- Phonetic transcription13
- Phonetics instruction54
- Phonological distance146
- Phonotactic112
- Picture narrative task 78, 111, 117, 159
- Pitch 135, 140
- Polish 128, 205
- Post-secondary 52, 77
- Post-test106
- Praat 57, 59, 114
- POSSee part of speech
- Pragmatics 26, 40, 46
- Prejudice 38, 43
- Prescriptive belief45
- Prestige accent 38, 209
- Primary stressSee prosody
- Priming 173, 191, 209
- Problem-solving taskSee task, proceduralization
- Processing
- difficulty 210, 222
- effort 68, 172, 175
- fluency 4, 155–157, 175, 207–216, 219, 221, 224
- resources24
- time 24, 27, 222
- Professional advancement41
- Proficiency
- relationship with comprehensibility 80–81, 97, 161, 164, 171
- ProminenceSee prosody
- Pronunciation assessmentSee assessment
- Prosody
- error gravity of 37, 118 134, 155
- goodness of 134, 138–39, 144, 146
- measures 3, 9, 14, 125, 133–34, 146
- primary stress
26, 145
- rhythm 135, 140–142, 147
- stress 8, 26, 37, 58, 112, 118, 134–135, 142, 145, 182
- word stress 58, 118, 135, 142
- Pronunciation in Second Language Learning and Teaching (PSLLT)8
- Pupillometry 210, 222
Q
- Quasi-continuous scalingSee rating scale
- Questionnaire
- debriefing 160, 192
- language background 55, 56, 129–130, 159
- language use78
R
- RaceSee social aspects
- Randomization of stimuli 11, 18–19, 57, 78, 111, 130, 133, 187, 191, 213
- Rate of speechSee speech rate
- Rater biasSee social factors
- Rating
- scale 126, 131, 133, 143, 154, 159–160, 175
- normalization of142
- severity 143, 175
- Read speech 25, 54
- Real-time scoring126
- Recency effect (in testing)106
- Reduced intelligibilitySee intelligibility
- Refugees82
- Regularization (in transcription-based assessment) 14, 17–18, 59
- Retention (of learning)104
- Reverse linguistic stereotyping 209, 221 (see also social bias)
- RhythmSee prosody
- Role playSee task
- RoundingSee vowel
S
- Scale
- descriptor 126, 128
- peak function57
- sliding 58, 154
- Schemata 191, 199
- Schematic cue 191–192, 199
- School effect107
- SchwaSee vowel reduction
- Secondary school 11, 91, 107–111, 158
- Segment 1, 3, 13, 54, 114, 133–134, 137, 144, 155, 160–161, 173
- Segmental 3, 9, 21, 26–27, 37, 126–128, 133–135, 137–141, 143–144, 146–147
- Self-correction
62, 69, 134
- repair112
- repetition 134–135
- Self-reporting
- of language use and experience) 96, 129, 139
- of language proficiency 129, 200
- Silent pause durationSee pause
- Skew (in speech rating data) 15–16, 18, 21, 53, 60, 66, 70
- Sliding scaleSee scale
- Social aspects (of pronunciation)
- bias 20, 222
- categorization 209, 213
- class45
- cognition222
- expectation208
- evaluation221
- group 208, 210
- nativeness principle34
- network survey78
- perception222
- race45
- status 46, 55, 208–222
- ideological factors210
- solidarity 208, 210–211, 213–216, 219–222
- stereotypes 209–213, 221–223
- Societal application212
- Software
- Praat 57, 59, 114
- presentation 12, 28
- Sound Studio 3, 134
- web-based213
- Speaker-listener adaptation 158, 173
- Speaking assessmentSee assessment
- Speaking rateSee speech rate
- Speaking taskSee task
- Speech
- clarity 15, 26
- dimensions of 53–54, 67, 97, 104, 106–107, 115–116, 118–119, 155
- elicitationSee task
- rate 26, 51, 54–55, 59, 62–64, 69, 106, 112, 114–117, 127, 131, 134–135, 138–140, 142–145, 173
- spontaneous25
- stigmatization223
- volume 105, 117, 173, 191, 212, 217
- StatusSee social aspects
- Stella passageSee task
- StereotypeSee social aspects
- Stimulated recallSee task
- StressSee prosody
- Study abroad 52, 78, 106
- Stuttering135
- Substitution (phonetic) 13–14, 17, 58, 133, 135, 141, 181, 186–187, 195, 198, 201
- Suitcase storySee task
- SuprasegmentalsSee prosody
T
- Task
- difficulty 156, 158, 172, 192, 208
- extemporaneous speaking 23, 25, 57, 129, 133
- order 173, 208
- problem-solving159
- procedularization 116–119
- real-life speaking79
- role play 79, 105, 186
- speech elicitation 79, 111, 126, 129, 143, 175
- “Stella” passage212
- stimulated recall 148, 157, 183
- “suitcase” story 11, 111, 130
- type120
- Teaching experience 56, 59–60, 62–64, 112
- Teaching model38
- Technical and Further Education (TAFE) 92–93
- Temporal measure 114–117, 126, 128, 130–134, 138–139, 143–146, 156
- Text Grid (Praat) 57, 59
- Time on task 156, 161–162
- TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) 10, 79, 158
- Transcription 9–14, 17–18, 20, 22–23, 26, 57–61, 135, 154, 187
- Trivial error 14, 18, 59–60, 161
- True/false sentence14
- Turn-taking 105, 174
- Type frequency 161–162, 165, 168
U
- U-shaped function 163–164, 167, 170–172, 174
- Utterance length 18, 20, 22, 59, 68, 173
V
- Validity 1, 25, 46, 53, 126–127, 147–148, 175, 183
- Verbal protocol 132, 134–136
- Visual cue40
- Voice Onset Time (VOT)54
- Voice quality 15, 26, 135, 169
- VolumeSee speech volume
- Vowel
- comprehensibility and 55, 144
- insertion146
- length182
- Lingua Franca core and 182, 198, 201
- reduction 55, 58
- rounding185
- (vocalic) substitution 133, 185, 199
W
- Waveform 10, 114
- Wildcat Corpus 212–217
- Word stressSee prosody
- Workplace 2, 96, 208
- World Englishes 2, 33, 42, 45
