Article In: Babel: Online-First Articles
The Cantonese translations of Foreign plays in the 1980s Hong Kong
Three translations of shakespearean plays
This content is being prepared for publication; it may be subject to changes.
Abstract
Before the 1980s, the vast majority of foreign plays in Hong Kong were translated into modern vernacular Chinese, which functioned as the dominant written language for most of the population. Since then, however, a small number of translators began experimenting with Cantonese — the primary spoken language of Hong Kong people — as the medium of translation, notably Jane Lai. By the late 1970s, Lai started using Cantonese as the target language for certain translations. In the mid-1980s, another key figure in Hong Kong theater, Rupert Chan, likewise adopted Cantonese in his translations and adaptations of foreign plays. This study takes Jane Lai and Rupert Chan — two of the most representative theater translators in Hong Kong during the 1980s — as case studies to explore three key questions. First, in an era when most foreign plays were translated into modern vernacular Chinese, why did these two translators choose Cantonese as their medium? Second, what were their translation strategies when working in Cantonese? Lastly, how did their translation practices relate to the historical context of 1980s Hong Kong, including the rise of local identity, reflections on the city’s colonial condition, and the broader development of contemporary Hong Kong theater?
Keywords: foreign plays, Cantonese translation, Jane Lai, Rupert Chan, cultural identity
Résumé
Avant les années 1980, la grande majorité des pièces étrangères étaient traduites en chinois vernaculaire moderne, langue écrite pour la plupart des Hongkongais. Cependant, quelques traducteurs ont commencé à expérimenter le cantonais, langue parlée des Hongkongais, comme langue de traduction, notamment Jane Lai. À la fin des années 1970, Jane Lai a commencé à utiliser le cantonais comme langue cible pour certaines traductions de pièces étrangères. Au milieu des années 1980, une autre figure emblématique du théâtre hongkongais, Rupert Chan, a également adopté le cantonais comme langue de traduction dans ses traductions, voire ses adaptations des pièces étrangères. Cette étude prend Jane Lai et Rupert Chan, deux des traducteurs les plus représentatifs du théâtre hongkongais des années 1980, comme études de cas pour explorer trois questions clés. Premièrement, dans une époque où la plupart des pièces étrangères étaient traduites en chinois vernaculaire moderne, pourquoi ces deux traducteurs ont-ils choisi le cantonais comme langue de traduction ? Deuxièmement, quelles ont été leurs stratégies de traduction lorsqu’ils ont traduit en utilisant le cantonais ? Enfin, comment leurs pratiques de traduction se rapportent-elles au contexte historique de Hong Kong des années 1980, notamment à la montée de la conscience de l’identité culturelle locale, aux réflexions sur la condition coloniale de Hong Kong et au développement du théâtre contemporain de Hong Kong ?
Mots-clés : pièces étrangères, traduction cantonaise, Jane Lai, Rupert Chan, identité culturelle
Article outline
- Introduction
- Purpose of translating Foreign plays into Cantonese (I): Addressing local audiences
- Purpose of translating Foreign plays into Cantonese (II): Regulating actors’ intralingual translation practices
- Purpose of translating Foreign plays into Cantonese (III): Cantonese as a literary language
- Translation strategies (I): Jane Lai: Performance-centric translation approach
- Translation strategies (II): Rupert Chan: Translation as re-creation
- Conclusion
- Notes
- Author queries
References
References (40)
Aaltonen, Sirkku. 2000. Time-Sharing on Stage: Drama Translation in Theater and Society. Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Baines, Roger, Cristina Marinetti, and Manuela Perteghella. 2010. Staging and Performing Translation: Text and Theater Practice. Palgrave Macmillan.
Bassnett, Susan. 1991. “Translating for the Theater: The Case Against Performability.” Traduction, terminologie, redaction 4 (1): 99–111.
Bigliazzi, Silvia, Paola Ambrosi, and Peter Kofler. 2013. Theater Translation in Performance. Routledge.
Chan, Laiyam 陳麗音, Cheuksing Du 杜焯昇, and Daihing Lam 林大慶. (1974) 2003. “Wusanyunkai” 霧散雲開 [The Fog cleared and the clouds opened]. In Zaodong de qingchun (Xianggang juben shinianji: qishiniandai) 躁動的青春 (香港劇本十年集:七十年代) [Restless youth: Hong Kong plays from the 1970s], edited by Zhang Binquan 張秉權, 95–126. IATC (Hong Kong).
Chan, Sinwai 陳善偉. 1992. “Xianggang fanyiju de huigu 1980–1990” 香港翻譯劇的回顧1980–1990 [A Survey of translated plays in Hong Kong: 1980–1990]. In Xianggang huaju lunwenji 香港話劇論文集 [Essays on Hong Kong drama], edited by Cheefun Fong 方梓勳 and Sek Cheong Tsoi 蔡錫昌, 167–92. High Noon Production Company Ltd.
Cheung, Martha 張佩瑤. 2010. “Zongxu” 總序 [Preface of Editor]. In Li’er Wang 李爾王 [King Lear], by William Shakespeare, translated by Jane Chuichan Lai, v–vii. Centre for Translation of Hong Kong Baptist University, International Association of Theater Critics (Hong Kong).
Fong, Cheefun 方梓勳. 2000. “Jin ershi nian Xianggang huaju de fazhan (1977–1997)” 近二十年香港話劇的發展 (1977–1997) [The development of Hong Kong drama in the past twenty years (1977–1997)]. In Xinjiyuan de Huawen xiju: Dier jie Huawen xijujie (Hong Kong: 1998) Xueshu yantaohua lunwenji 新紀元的華文戲劇:第二屆華文戲劇節 (香港:1998) 學術研討會論文集 [Chinese drama in new century: The second festival of Chinese drama], edited by Cheefun Fong 方梓勳, 121–40. Association of Hong Kong Drama, Hong Kong Theater Works.
Helbo, André. 1987. Theory of Performing Arts. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Institute of Linguistics of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and Language Information Sciences Research Centre of City University of Hong Kong, eds. 2012. Zhongguo yu yan dituji (di er ban) 中國語言地圖集 (第二版) [Language Atlas of China (2nd edition)]. Commercial Press.
Inter-School Drama Association of Hong Kong 香港校協戲劇社. (1974) 2003. “Wu yue si ri de xiaoxi” 五月四日的小息 [The Break Time of May-Fourth]. In Zaodong de qingchun (Xianggang juben shinianji: qishiniandai) 躁動的青春 (香港劇本十年集:七十年代) [Restless youth: Hong Kong plays from the 1970s], edited by Binquan Zhang 張秉權, 141–52. IATC (Hong Kong).
. (1974) 2003. “Huikao yijiu qisi” 會考一九七四 [HKCEE 1974]. In Zaodong de qingchun (Xianggang juben shinianji: qishiniandai) 躁動的青春 (香港劇本十年集:七十年代) [Restless youth: Hong Kong plays from the 1970s], edited by Binquan Zhang 張秉權, 153–226. IATC (Hong Kong).
Lai, Chuichan 黎翠珍. 1992. “Xuanwai zhi yin: Juben fanyi de jige wenti” 絃外之音:劇本翻譯的幾個問題 [Implications : Several questions on the translation of script]. In Xianggang huaju lunwenji香港話劇論文集[Essays on Hong Kong drama], edited by Cheefun Fong 方梓勳 and Hardy Tsoi 蔡錫昌, 231–46. Hong Kong: High Noon Production Company Ltd.
. 2005. “Yizhe xu” 譯者序 [Translator’s preface]. In Li’er Wang李爾王[King Lear], by William Shakespeare, translated by Jane Chuichan Lai, ix–x. Centre for Translation of Hong Kong Baptist University, International Association of Theater Critics (Hong Kong).
Lin, Kehuan 林克歡. 2007. Xiju Xianggang Xianggang xiju 戲劇香港 香港戲劇 [Drama Hong Kong Hong Kong drama]. Oxford University Press (Hong Kong).
Luk, Yuntong 陸潤棠. 2007. Xifang xiju de Xianggang yanyi: Cong wenji dao wutai 西方戲劇的香港演繹 [Translation and adaptation of Western drama in Hong Kong: From script to stage]. The Chinese University Press.
Niranjana, Tejaswini. 2012. Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context. University of California Press.
Chan, Rupert Kwan Yun 陳鈞潤. 1992. “Wei Xianggang guanzhong fanyi xiju” 為香港觀眾翻譯戲劇 [Translating drama for Hong Kong audiences]. In Xianggang huaju lunwenji 香港話劇論文集[Essays on Hong Kong drama], edited by Cheefun Fong 方梓勳 and Hardy Tsoi 蔡錫昌, 209–16. High Noon Production Company Ltd.
. 1998. Zhimin suiyue — Chan Kwanyun de chengshi jishibu 殖民歲月──陳鈞潤的城市記事簿 [Colonial period — Rupert Chan’s notes on the city]. Breakthrough Publishing Company.
. 2000. “Zhizuzhe, pin yi le” 知足者,頻譯樂 [Happy is he who frequently translates]. Hong Kong Drama Review 2000 (2): 83–90.
. 2007. “Cong Yingguo yizhi dao da Zhonghua de Jiating zuoye: Zhizuzhe, pin yi le xupian” 從英國移植到大中華的《家庭作孽》:知足者,頻譯樂續篇 [From England transplanted to China: Happy is he who frequently translates continues]. Hong Kong Drama Review 2007 (6): 157–67.
. (1606) 2005. Li’er Wang 李爾王 [King Lear]. Translated by Jane Chuichan Lai 黎翠珍. Centre for Translation of Hong Kong Baptist University, International Association of Theater Critics (Hong Kong),
. (1606) 1949. Li’er Wang 李爾王 [King Lear]. Translated by Shenghao Zhu 朱生豪. In Shashibiya xijuquanji (di er ji) 莎士比亞戲劇全集 (第二輯) [Complete works of Shakespeare (vol. 2)]. Shijie shuju.
. (1602) 2022. Yuanxiao 元宵 [Twelfth nights]. Translated and adapted by Rupert Kwan Yun Chan 陳鈞潤. pwtculture, Chung Ying Theater, and IATC (Hong Kong).
Shum, Waichung 岑偉宗. 2017. “Quanyu jibenyuyan — Banbu renjian” 關於劇本語言──半步人間 [Concerning the language of drama script — Half step in mundane world]. Yahoo News, 28 November 2017.
To, Kwokwai 杜國威, and Sek Cheong Choi 蔡錫昌. (1985) 2003. “Wo xi Xianggangren” 我係香港人 [I am Hong Konger]. Polang de wutai: Xianggang juben shinianji bashiniandai 破浪的舞台:香港劇本十年集八十年代 [Brave the new stage: Hong Kong Plays from the 1980s], edited by Wailuk Lo 盧偉力, 107–38. IATC (Hong Kong).
Wellwarth, George. 1981. “Special Considerations in Drama Translation.” In Translation Spectrum: Essays in Theory and Practice, edited by Marilyn Gaddis Rose, 140–46. State University of New York Press.
Yeung, Waiyee 楊慧儀. 2007. “Xunzhao Xianggang Fanyiju 1962–2005: Yixie shuju yu xianxiang” 尋找香港翻譯劇 1962–2005: 一些數據與現象 [In search of Hong Kong translated Plays 1962–2005: Some statistics and phenomenon]. Hong Kong Drama Review 2007 (6): 83–87.
Zeng, Zhuzhao 曾柱昭, and Lihun Yuan 袁立勳. (1984) 2003. “Shi hai” 逝海 [The sea past away]. In Polang de wutai: Xianggang juben shinianji bashiniandai 破浪的舞台:香港劇本十年集八十年代 [Brave the new stage: Hong Kong Plays from the 1980s], edited by Wailuk Lo 盧偉力, 69–106. IATC (Hong Kong).
Zhang, Meifang 張美芳, and Xiaoyu Zhang 張蕭雨, and Binjian Qin 覃斌健. 2021. “Xiwei zhi chu jian gongfu — Licuizhen jiaoshou tan xiju fanyi” 細微之處見功夫——黎翠珍教授談戲劇翻譯[The art of subtlety: Prof. Jane Lai on drama translation]. In Fanyishi luncong翻譯史論叢 [Journal of translation history], edited by Xu Zhang 張旭, 31: 168–88. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Zhu, Shenghao 朱生豪, trans. Shashibiya xijuquanji (di san ji) 莎士比亞戲劇全集 (第三輯) [Complete works of Shakespeare (vol.3)]. Shijie shuju.