The construction of philosophical ideas in the paratexts of the German translation of the Zhuangzi by Richard Wilhelm
Published online: 21 November 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.22036.pan
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.22036.pan
Abstract
Among the numerous German translations of the traditional Chinese cultural classic Zhuangzi, the
version by the missionary Richard Wilhelm, Dschuang Dsi. Das wahre Buch vom südlichen Blütenland (, trans. 1912. Dschuang Dsi. Das wahre Buch vom südlichen Blütenland [Zhuangzi.
True scripture of southern florescence], by Zhuang Zhou. Jena: Diederichs Verlag.), is of great significance as the first direct translation from Chinese. The work
contributed greatly to the popularity of Taoism in Germany. However, studies on the German versions of the
Zhuangzi are limited, and most focus on the text itself, whereas the research value of the paratexts has been
neglected. This study explores the role of paratexts of Wilhelm’s translation in the construction of Zhuang Zhou’s philosophical
ideas. We find there is a noticeable presence of the translator’s voice in the paratexts of Wilhelm’s translation. Moreover, the
interpretative role of the paratexts can enhance readers’ understanding of Wilhelm’s construction of the philosophical ideas
conveyed by the text. Based on the analysis of paratexts, we conclude that Wilhelm’s translation is characterized by Western
cultural interventions, such as analogies between Zhuang Zhou and Western philosophers and the adoption of Christian claims. This
may be attributed to the goal of Wilhelm’s translation (i.e., to introduce the Zhuangzi to general
German-speaking readers), his cultural background of Western education (especially at the Tübingen Seminary), and the sinological
tradition of studying and translating Chinese classics from the perspective of Western culture at the time.
Résumé
Parmi de nombreuses traductions allemandes du Zhuangzi, classique de la culture traditionnelle
chinoise, la version du missionnaire Richard Wilhelm, Dschuang Dsi. Das wahre Buch vom südlichen Blütenland
(, trans. 1912. Dschuang Dsi. Das wahre Buch vom südlichen Blütenland [Zhuangzi.
True scripture of southern florescence], by Zhuang Zhou. Jena: Diederichs Verlag.), revêt une grande importance en tant que première traduction directe de la
version chinoise. Cette version a beaucoup contribué à la popularité du taoïsme en Allemagne. Cependant, les études sur les
versions allemandes du Zhuangzi sont peu nombreuses, et la plupart d’entre elles se concentrent sur le texte
lui-même, alors que la valeur des paratextes a été négligée. Cette étude explore le rôle des paratextes de la traduction de
Wilhelm dans la construction des idées philosophiques de Zhuang Zhou. Nous remarquons une présence évidente de la voix du
traducteur dans les paratextes de sa traduction. En plus, le rôle interprétatif des paratextes peut permettre aux lecteurs de
mieux comprendre la construction par Wilhelm des idées philosophiques véhiculées par le texte. L’analyse des paratextes nous
permet de conclure que la traduction de Wilhelm est caractérisée par des interventions culturelles occidentales, telles que des
analogies entre Zhuang Zhou et des philosophes occidentaux et des références aux doctrines chrétiennes. Cela peut être attribué à
son objectif traductif (c’est-à-dire celui d’introduire le Zhuangzi aux lecteurs germanophones), à son parcours
éducatif (notamment celui au Séminaire de Tübingen), et à la tradition sinologique qui consistait à étudier et à traduire les
classiques chinois dans la perspective de la culture occidentale de l’époque.
Mots cles : Zhuangzi, Taoïsme, Richard Wilhelm, paratexte, Sinologie allemande
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Theoretical framework
- 2.1Genette’s paratext
- 2.2Paratexts in translation studies
- 3.Paratexts of Richard Wilhelm’s translation
- 4.Analysis of paratext
- 4.1“Translator’s voice” in paratexts
- 4.2Paratext and text: “Mahout” and “elephant”
- The translation of dao
- The translation of wuhua
- 5.Discussion
- 6.Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
References
References (57)
Ballin, Ursula. 2003. “Richard Wilhelm (1873–1930): Eine biographische Einführung” [Richard Wilhelm (1873–1930): A biographical introduction]. In Richard Wilhelm: Botschafter zweier Welten. Sinologe und Missionar zwischen Europa und
China [Richard Wilhelm: Ambassador of two worlds. Sinologist and missionary
between Europe and China], edited by Klaus Hirsch, 5–24. Frankfurt: IKO Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation.
Chen, Guying. 2016. Zhuangzi jinzhu jinyi 庄子今注今译 [The works of Zhuang Zhou annotated and
paraphrased]. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.
Clarke, J. J. 2000. The
Tao of the West: Western Transformations of Taoist
Thought. London: Routledge.
Coutinho, Steve. 2004. Zhuangzi
and Early Chinese Philosophy: Vagueness, Transformation and
Paradox. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Creel, Herrlee Glessner. 1970. What Is Taoism? And Other
Studies in Chinese Cultural History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
D’Ambrosio, Paul J. 2020. “Confucianism and Daoism: On the
Relationship between the Analects, Laozi, and Zhuangzi, Part I.” Philosophy
Compass 15 (9): 1–11.
Deane-Cox, Sharon. 2014. Retranslation:
Translation, Literature and
Reinterpretation. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Defoort, Carine. 2001. „Is
There Such a Thing as Chinese Philosophy? Arguments of an Implicit Debate.” Philosophy East and
West 51 (3): 393–413.
Deng, Shu 邓舒. 2019. “Wei Lixian
dui Daodejing zhongyao gainian de fanyi pingxi” 卫礼贤对《道德经》重要概念的翻译评析 [Commentary on Richard Wilhelm’s translation of the
important concepts in the Tao Te Ching]. Xibu xuekan 西部学刊 [Western
journal] 151: 48–52.
Duthel, Heinz. 2015. Telepathie: Senden von Geist zu Geist? [Telepathy: Sending from mind
to mind?]. Norderstedt: Books on Demand.
Feng, Youlan. 1965. Zhongguo zhexueshi xinbian 中国哲学史新编 [A new history of Chinese
philosophy]. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe.
Fritz, Thomas, trans. 2015. Das Wirken in den Dingen: Vier Vorlesungen über das Zhuangzi [The
workings of things: Four lectures on the
Zhuangzi], by Jean François Billeter. Berlin: Matthes & Seitz.
Genette, Gérard. 1997. Paratexts:
Thresholds of Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Genette, Gérard, and Marie Maclean. 1991. “Introduction
to the Paratext.” New Literary
History 22 (2): 261–272.
Gil Bardají, Anna, Sara Rovira-Esteva, and Pilar Orero, eds. 2012. Translation
Peripheries: Paratextual Elements in Translation Paratextual Elements in
Translation. Bern: Peter Lang.
Giles, Herbert Allen. 1889. Chuang Tzu: Mystic, Moralist, and
Social Reformer, by Zhuang Zhou. London: Bernard Quaritch.
Graham, Angus C. 1979. “How Much of ‘Chuang Tzu’ Did
Chuang Tzu Write?”. Journal of the American Academy of
Religion 47 (3,
Suppl): 459–501.
, trans. 1981. Chuang-tzu:
The Inner Chapters and Other Writings from the Book Chuang-tzu, by Zhuang Zhou. London: Allen and Unwin.
Grube, Wilhelm. 1902. Geschichte der chinesischen Literatur [History of Chinese
literature]. Leipzig: C. F. Amelangs Verlag.
Gwinner, Thomas. 2010. “Die Bezeichnung Nü Yu im Zhuangzi und ihre deutsche Übersetzung in Richard Wilhelms
Dschuang Dsï-Das wahre Buch vom südlichen Blütenland” [The term Nü Yu in the Zhuangzi and its German translation in Richard Wilhelm’s Zhuangzi: True
scripture of southern florescence]. Deutsch-taiwanische
Hefte [The German-Taiwanese
issues] 191: 5–21.
Hao, Zhenzhen 郝珍珍, and Tianhai Fu 付天海. 2020. “‘Yanbujinyi, deyiwangyan’ – Shi lun Wei Lixian yiben zhong Zhuangzi yuyanguan de deyu
chanshi” “言不尽意,得意忘言”——试论卫礼贤译本中《庄子》语言观的德语阐释 [‘The meaning is beyond words and words
are forgotten when meaning is grasped’: The German interpretation of the philosophy on language in the
Zhuangzi by translation of Richard Wilhelm]. Xiandai jiaoji 现代交际 [Modern
communication] 161: 109–110.
Hauer, Erich. 1927. “Besprechungen” [Book reviews]. Orientalistische Literaturzeitung [Orientalist literary
journal] 301: 195–198.
Herman, Jonathan R. 1996. I and Tao: Martin Buber’s Encounter
with Chuang Tzu. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Hermans, Theo. 1996. “The
Translator’s Voice in Translated Narrative.” Target. International Journal of Translation
Studies 8 (1): 23–48.
Hesse, Hermann. 2002. Die Welt im Buch 2: Rezensionen und Aufsätze aus den Jahren 1911–1916 [The world in the book 2: Reviews and essays from 1911–1916]. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Hirsch, Klaus, ed. 2003. Richard Wilhelm: Botschafter zweier Welten. Sinologe und Missionar zwischen Europa und
China [Richard Wilhelm: Ambassador of two worlds. Sinologist and missionary
between Europe and China]. Frankfurt am Main: IKO Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation.
Huang, Peixi 黄培希. 2018. “Fuwenben yu
fanyi wenhua jiangou – Yi Ilza Veith Huangdi neijing suwen yingyi wei li” 副文本与翻译文化建构——以艾尔萨·威斯《黄帝内经·素问》英译为例 [Paratexts and cultural
construction in translations: A case study of the English translation of the Huangdi neijing suwen by Ilza
Veith]. Shanghai fanyi 上海翻译 [Shanghai journal of
translators] 2018 (3): 73–79+95.
Jiang, Tao. 2016. “The
Problem of Authorship and the Project of Chinese Philosophy: Zhuang Zhou and the Zhuangzi between Sinology
and Philosophy in the Western
Academy.” Dao 15 (1): 35–55.
Kovala, Urpo. 1996. “Translations,
Paratextual Mediation, and Ideological
Closure.” Target 8 (1): 119–147.
Kubin, Wolfgang. 2017. “Richard
Wilhelm and His Critics: A New Evaluation.” Ching
Feng 16 (1–2): 53–78.
Kung, Szu-Wen. 2013. “Paratext,
an Alternative in Boundary Crossing: A Complementary Approach to Translation
Analysis.” In Text, Extratext, Metatext and Paratext in
Translation, edited by Valerie Pellatt. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Lackner, Michael. 1999. “Richard
Wilhelm, a ‘Sinisized’ German Translator.” In De l’un
au multiple: Traductions du chinois vers les langues européennes [From one into
many: Translations from the Chinese to the European languages], edited
by Viviane Alleton and Michael Lackner, 85–97. Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme.
Leutner, Mechthild. 2003. “Kontroversen in der Sinologie: Richard Wilhelms kulturkritische und wissenschaftliche Positionen in der Weimarer
Republik” [Controversies in sinology: Richard Wilhelm’s cultural critical
and scientific positions in the Weimar Republic]. In Richard Wilhelm: Botschafter zweier Welten. Sinologe und Missionar zwischen Europa und China [Richard Wilhelm: Ambassador of two worlds. Sinologist and missionary between Europe and
China], edited by Klaus Hirsch, 43–84. Frankfurt: IKO Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation.
Li, Yan 李雁. 2014. “Hongloumeng fayiben de ‘shendu fanyi’ yu qi wenhua chuandi” 《红楼梦》法译本的 “深度翻译” 及其文化传递 [‘Thick Translation’ of the
French version of A dream of red mansions and its cultural transmission]. Waiyu jiaoxue yu yanjiu 外语教学与研究 [Foreign language teaching and
research] 46(4): 616–624+641.
Liu, Xiaogan. 2010. Zhuangzi zhexue ji qi yanbian 庄子哲学及其演变 [Evolution of Zhuang Zhou’s
philosophy]. Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe.
Makeham, John, eds. 2012. Learning
to Emulate the Wise: The Genesis of Chinese Philosophy as an Academic Discipline in Twentieth-century
China. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
Mcrae, Ellen. 2012. “The
Role of Translators’ Prefaces to Contemporary Literary Translations into English: An Empirical
Study.” In Translation Peripheries: Paratextual Elements in
Translation, edited by Anna Gil Bardaji, Pilar Orero, and Sara Rovira-Esteva, 63–82. Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Oxford, Wien: Peter Lang.
Möller, Hans-Georg. 2001. In der Mitte des Kreises: Daoistisches Denken [In the middle of the
circle: Daoist thought]. Frankfurt am Main, Leipzig: Insel Verlag.
Nylan, Michael. 2017. “Zhuangzi:
Closet Confucian?”. European Journal of Political
Theory 16 (4): 411–429.
Otto, W. F. 1930. “Richard Wilhelm: Ein Bild seiner Persönlichkeit” [Richard
Wilhelm: A view of his
personality]. Sinica 5 (2): 49–57.
Raud, Rein. 2006. “Philosophies
versus Philosophy: In Defense of a Flexible Definition.” Philosophy East and
West 56 (4): 618–625.
Schüler, Wilhelm. 1930. “Richard Wilhelms wissenschaftliche Arbeit” [Richard Wilhelm’s
scientific
works]. Sinica 5 (2): 57–71.
Strauß, Lulu, and Torney Diederichs, eds. 1936. Eugen Diederichs Leben und Werk. Ausgewählte Briefe und Aufzeichnungen [Eugen Diederichs’ life and work: Selected letters and
records]. Jena: Eugen Diederichs Verlag.
Tahir Gürçağlar, Şehnaz. 2002. “What
Texts Don’t Tell: The Use of Paratexts in Translation
Research.” In Crosscultural Transgressions. Research Models in
Translation Studies II: Historical and Ideological Issues, edited by Theo Hermans, 44–60. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Tan, Yuan 谭渊. 2010. “‘Dao’ and
‘Shangdi’: Daodejing fanyi yu chuanbo zhong jidujiao shenxue de jieru” “道” 与 “上帝”: 《道德经》翻译与传播中基督教神学的介入 [Tao and God: The
intervention of Christian theology in the translation and transmission of the Tao Te
Ching]. Fanyi jiaoxue yu
yanjiu 翻译教学与研究 [Translation
research and
teaching] 11: 51–59.
Watts, Richard. 2000. “Translating
Culture: Reading the Paratexts to Aimé Césaire’s Cahier D Retour Au Pays
Natal.” TTR: traduction, terminologie,
rédaction [Translation terminology
writing] 13 (2): 29–45.
Wilhelm, Richard, trans. 1911. Tao Te King. Das Buch des Alten vom Sinn und Leben [Tao Te Ching.
Laozi’s classic of the way and virtue], by Laozi. Jena: Diederichs Verlag.
, trans. 1912. Dschuang Dsi. Das wahre Buch vom südlichen Blütenland [Zhuangzi.
True scripture of southern florescence], by Zhuang Zhou. Jena: Diederichs Verlag.
Wilhelm, Salome. 1956. Richard Wilhelm: Der geistige Mittler zwischen China und Europa [Richard Wilhelm: The spiritual mediator between China and Europe]. Düsseldorf, Köln: Eugen Diederichs Verlag.
Wippermann, Dorothea. 2020. Richard Wilhelm: Der Sinologe und seine Kulturmission in China und Frankfurt [Richard Wilhelm: The sinologist and his cultural mission in China and
Frankfurt]. Frankfurt am Main: Societäts-Verlag.
Wu, Kunru 邬昆如. 1998. “Wei Lixian
deyi Zhuangzi zhong de huanbao sixiang” 卫理贤德译《庄子》中的环保思想 [Ecological philosophy in the Zhuangzi in
a German translation by Richard Wilhelm]. Zhexue yu
wenhua 哲学与文化 [Universitas:
Monthly review of philosophy and
culture] 25(9): 794–802.
Xu, Lai 徐来. 2005. “Zhuangzi yingyi yanjiu” 《庄子》英译研究 [A study of English translations of the
Zhuangzi]. Ph.D. diss., Fudan University.
Yin, Yan 殷燕. 2017. “Fuwenben
yinsu de jieru yu yiben de kechanshi kongjian – Zhuangzi yingyiben de fuwenben
yanjiu” 副文本因素的介入与译本的可阐释空间——《庄子》英译本的副文本研究 [Paratextual intervention and the possible
interpretive space in translation: A study of the paratexts of the English translations of the
Zhuangzi]. Ph.D. diss., Wuhan University.
