Relay interpreting (chongyi) as auspicious rhetoric in discourse on China-bound diplomatic visits
Published online: 12 February 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00384.lun
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00384.lun
Abstract
Interpreting is considered no more than a technical necessity in modern times. Yet millennia ago, China-bound
relay interpreting, chongyi 重譯,
could symbolize auspiciousness, often foreshadowed via anomalies in plants or astrology. Its subtle ideological associations can
be inferred by analyzing related tokens of usage. Drawing on texts and treatises circulated and written before seventh-century
China, this article reports, from a close analysis of four texts, a rhetorical pattern on the formulaic references to
chongyi. Interestingly, these texts all depict “diplomatic visits to China through chongyi”
as an event validating an auspicious sign in nature spotted earlier. My analysis suggests that the documentation of
chongyi bears more of a figuratively auspicious, rather than a sheer mediating, connotation. The elevation of
a relay interpreting act to a cultural icon or ideological dimension is ubiquitous in the Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE) writings,
which served to leverage the state-sanctioned Confucian and divination overtones to reinforce the emperor’s mandate. This article
aims at examining the epistemology and ideology of classical references to chongyi and identifying a rhetorical
pattern denoting the conceptual link between chongyi and auspiciousness in the broader Confucian framework.
Résumé
De nos jours, l’interprétation est considérée comme une simple activité technique. Cependant, quand
les émissaires étrangers se rendaient en Chine dans l’antiquité, ils ne pouvaient pas se passer de
chongyi 重譯, ou
l’interprétation-relais, qui était en soi une activité chargée de sens symbolique positif. De bons signes annonciateurs
célestes ou végétaux souvent présageaient une telle activité, dont les implications idéologiques subtiles peuvent être déduites
des conventions d’usage qui s’y rapportent. S’appuyant sur des textes et des traités mis en circulation et
écrits jusqu’au 7e siècle en Chine, cet article met en lumière, à l’aide d’une lecture
détaillée de quatre textes, un procédé rhétorique caractérisant les références récurrentes à
chongyi 重譯. Il est notable
que tous ces textes présentent les « visites diplomatiques en Chine par le biais de chongyi » comme des faits
confirmant les bons augures antérieurement repérés dans la nature. Cet article montre que la mention de chongyi
fait entendre davantage un bon présage au sens figuré, plutôt qu’une activité purement et simplement médiane. Dans les
écrits de la dynastie des Han (202 avant J.-C. – 220 après J.-C.), on trouve de nombreux exemples où
l’interprétation-relais est élevée à un acte symbolique chargé de sens divinatoire, sanctionné par l’idéologie
confucéenne et l’État, qui avait pour but de renforcer le mandat de l’empereur. Cet article vise à examiner
l’épistémologie et l’idéologie des références classiques à l’acte de chongyi. Il cherche
également à identifier un procédé rhétorique dénotant une corrélation conceptuelle entre l’acte de
chongyi et de bons augures dans un cadre culturel confucéen.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 1.1Defining chongyi
- 2.Interpreting and political ideology
- 3.Chongyi and mythology culture
- 4.Chongyi and auspiciousness
- 5.Discussions and implications
- 5.1 Chongyi as an icon validating auspicious predictions
- 5.2Chongyi as a stock phrase
- 5.3Symbolic values of chongyi in sinitic diplomatic context
- 6.Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
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