Literary back-translation, mistranslation, and misattribution
A case study of Mark Twain’s Jumping Frog
Published online: 11 December 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00365.was
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00365.was
Abstract
This study seeks a threefold exploration of an aspect of Mark Twain’s forays into translation, particularly with
respect to one tale’s fate in its first French version. First, back-translation’s most ostensible purpose is to represent a
foreign language text’s (in)accuracy transparently; Twain, assuming a persona as a naive mistranslator, humorously reinvents the
procedure to disparage a rendering of his work, constituting an act of translation (meta)criticism and producing a work of parody.
The study turns to literary back-translation as an emerging horizon of translation “against our teleological conception of
translation” (Lane, Véronique. 2020a. “Introduction:
Literary Back-Translation.” Translation and
Literature 29 (3): 297–316. , 6), and a potential source of creative misprision or
misreading. Twain uses literalism, I demonstrate, as a comic strategy to confound sense. I show cases in which Twain indulged in
pseudotranslation and free-associational mistranslation often as imaginative perspective-taking. Secondly, I survey the intrigue
behind his famous back-translation of the jumping frog tale, including its textual variations, and locate it as a subversion.
Thirdly and finally, I perform a comparative reading of representative passages from Twain’s story, the 19th-century translation
by Theodor Bentzon (actually Marie-Thérèse Blanc), and Twain’s vengeful back-translation, in order to reveal patterns of the
American writer’s translation technique.
Résumé
Cet article propose une triple exploration d’un aspect des incursions de Mark Twain dans la traduction, notamment
en ce qui concerne le destin d’un conte dans sa première version française. Tout d’abord, le but le plus apparent de la
rétro-traduction est de représenter de manière transparente l’(in)exactitude d’un texte en langue étrangère; Twain, assumant le
rôle du personnage d’un traducteur maladroit et naïf, réinvente cette procédure avec humour pour dénigrer une interprétation de
son travail. Ceci constitue un acte de (méta)critique de traduction et produit une œuvre parodique. L’article conceptualise la
rétrotraduction littéraire comme horizon émergeant de la traduction “contre notre conception téléologique de la traduction” (Lane, Véronique. 2020a. “Introduction:
Literary Back-Translation.” Translation and
Literature 29 (3): 297–316. , 6), et comme une source potentielle d’erreurs créatives ou de mauvaise
lecture. Comme l’article le démontre, Twain utilise le littéralisme comme une stratégie comique pour invalider le sens. L’article
présente des cas dans lesquels Twain s’est livré à la pseudo-traduction et à l’erreur de traduction par association libre, souvent
dans le cadre d’une perspective imaginative. L’article étudie ensuite l’intrigue derrière sa célèbre rétrotraduction du conte
Jumping Frog, en ce compris ses variations textuelles, et le présente comme un acte de subversion. Enfin,
l’article propose une lecture comparative de passages représentatifs de l’histoire de Twain, de la traduction du XIXe siècle par
Theodor Bentzon (en fait Marie-Thérèse Blanc) et de la rétrotraduction vengeresse de Twain, afin de révéler les contours de la
technique de traduction de l’écrivain américain.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction: Literary back-translation, mistranslation, and misattribution
- 2.Twain’s back-translation and humor
- 3.“… Clawed back into a civilized language once more”
- 4.A brief close reading of the jumping frog back-translation
- 5.Conclusion
- Notes
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