Pedagogical devices
On the subtitling of Atayalic speech in Indigenous films from Taiwan
Published online: 28 March 2022
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00268.ste
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00268.ste
Abstract
The “partial translation” of Inuktitut-language lyrics in the Indigenous film Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner (directed by Zacharias Kunuk, 2001) has been interpreted as a means of challenging outsiders to understand the film “emically,” meaning from insiders’ perspectives. On this interpretation, Atanarjuat is linguistically exclusionary, because the challenge of partial translation effectively excludes most outsiders from a full understanding. But given the problem of language shift in Indigenous communities, we should not expect Indigenous films to be linguistically exclusionary in general, or they would exclude young Indigenous insiders along with outsiders. We should instead expect Indigenous films to adopt an inclusionary approach to subtitling, consistent with projects of language revitalization. To see what form such an approach might take, I analyzed three Indigenous films from Taiwan in which speech in Atayalic languages is subtitled in Mandarin. Staggered over three-and-a-half decades, these three films index the subtitling approach as a function of concern about language shift. I found that all three films were fully, not partially translated, but that the two films made in a context of concern about language shift were subtitled pedagogically. The two pedagogically subtitled films are “devices” for the pedagogy of Atayal, the most widely spoken Atayalic language. This result from Taiwan suggests that a pedagogical approach might be common in the subtitling of Indigenous films in settler societies around the world.
Keywords: Indigenous film, subtitling, Taiwan, language shift, language revitalization
Résumé
La « traduction partielle » des paroles en inuktitut dans le film autochtone Atanarjuat : The Fast Runner (dir. Zacharias Kunuk, 2001) a été interprétée comme un façon de mettre les étrangers au défi de comprendre le film de manière « émique », c’est-à-dire du point de vue des initiés. Selon cette interprétation, Atanarjuat est linguistiquement excluant, car le défi de la traduction partielle impliquerait que seraient effectivement exclus la plupart des étrangers d’une compréhension complète. Mais si l’on examine le problème de la conversion linguistique au sein des communautés autochtones, l’affirmation selon laquelle les films autochtones seraient excluants sur le plan linguistique est à reconsidérer, car ils excluraient alors à la fois les jeunes Autochtones membres de la communauté linguistique et ceux qui n’en font pas partie. Il faudrait au contraire s’attendre à ce que les films autochtones adoptent une approche inclusive du sous-titrage, en correspondance avec les projets de revitalisation linguistique. Pour voir quelle forme une telle approche pourrait prendre, l’auteur a analysé trois films autochtones de Taïwan dans lesquels le discours en langues atayaliques est sous-titré en mandarin. Échelonnés sur plus de trois décennies, ces trois films donnent une idée de l’approche du sous-titrage en fonction de l’inquiétude suscitée par le phénomène de conversion linguistique. L’auteur a constaté que les trois films ont été entièrement, et non partiellement, traduits, mais que les deux films réalisés dans le contexte d’une telle inquiétude ont été sous-titrés avec une visée pédagogique. Ces deux films sous-titrés sont devenus des « dispositifs » pour enseigner l’atayal, la langue atayalique la plus parlée. Les résultats obtenus à Taïwan suggèrent que l'approche pédagogique du sous-titrage des films autochtones pourrait être commune dans différentes sociétés colonisées ailleurs dans le monde.
Article outline
- 1.Tough love: On the politics of partial translation in Atanarjuat: The fast runner
- 2.Language shift and subtitling practice in Taiwan
- 2.1Two sign painters (Yu Kan-ping, 1989)
- 2.2Maya’s rainbow (Cheng Wen-tang, 2001)
- 2.3Lokah, Laqi! (Laha Mebow, 2016)
- 3.Discussion
- Notes
References
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