Adaptable-translation, pseudotranslation, and translation from the perspective of Buddhist sutra translations in early medieval China
Published online: 29 September 2021
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00238.jia
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00238.jia
Abstract
This article provides an early medieval Chinese perspective to further the discussion of adaptation,
pseudotranslation, and translation. During the first to the fifth centuries CE, Chinese translation of Buddhist
sutras included some unconventional practices. Translators either rendered source texts that were incomplete
or partially rendered the complete source texts in their possession. The works were accepted as faithful translations of genuine
sources from India and helped disseminate Buddhism, though theoretically, believers would only accept literal translations of
sutras. Based on Bastin’s conceptualization of adaptation and the features of Buddhist translations, I have
labeled it as “adaptable-translation” and argue that in early medieval China, there were adaptable-translations with
pseudotranslation elements and adaptable-translations with the nature of pseudotranslation. Detailed analysis and case studies of
five specific modes of “adaptable-translation” will show how they differ from “adaptation” of Bastin and “pseudotranslation” of
Toury or Bassnett. Based on the analysis, I argue that a judgment of the nature of a text as a “translation” can be both
qualitative and quantitative.
Résumé
Cet article propose d’approfondir les discussions sur l’adaptation, la pseudo-traduction et la traduction en
analysant des textes issus de la Chine du haut Moyen Âge. Du premier au cinquième siècle de l’ère chrétienne, la traduction
chinoise des sutras bouddhistes a fait montre de certaines pratiques non conventionnelles : les traducteurs ayant rendu soit des
textes sources incomplets, soit seulement partiellement les textes sources complets en leur possession. Ces travaux ont été
acceptés comme des traductions fidèles de sources authentiques venues d’Inde et ont contribué à la diffusion du bouddhisme en
Chine, bien que théoriquement, les croyants n’acceptent que les traductions littérales des sutras. Sur la base de la
conceptualisation de l’adaptation par Bastin et des caractéristiques des traductions bouddhistes, cet article qualifie ces
pratiques de « traductions adaptables » et soutient que, dans la Chine du début du Moyen Âge, il existait deux types de
traductions adaptables : certaines comportent des éléments de pseudotraduction, d’autres sont des pseudotraduction par nature. Une
analyse détaillée et des études de cas de cinq modes spécifiques de « traduction adaptable » montrent comment ces textes diffèrent
de l’adaptation de Bastin et de la pseudotraduction de Toury ou de Bassnett. Cet article soutient également que le jugement de la
nature d’un texte en tant que « traduction » peut être à la fois qualitatif et quantitatif.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Translating Buddhist sutras into Chinese: A case of adaptable-translation
- 3.Adaptable-translations with pseudotranslation elements or the nature of pseudotranslation
- 3.1Translation with addition
- 3.2Translation with compilation
- 3.3Extract-translation
- 3.4Rewriting-translation
- 3.5Digest-translation
- 4.A topography of adaptable-translation, pseudotranslation, and translation
- 5.Conclusion
- Notes
References
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