From erotic desire to egalitarian romantic passion
The translation and transformation of love in late Qing China
Published online: 28 January 2019
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00061.tsu
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00061.tsu
Abstract
Informed by the sociological theory of “Conventionalization” developed by Frederick Bartlett, the article examines transformations the expression “love” brought to the indigenous Chinese socio-moral-emotive paradigm during the early twentieth century. It focuses on examining usages and semantic connotations of “愛”, a loose Chinese equivalence of love, in Yínbiān yànyǔ 吟邊燕語 (Chanting the Swallows’ Talks), a translation by Lín Shū 林紓 (1852–1924) of Charles and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare published in 1904, a time that witnessed a vast number of translation projects as well as the transformative impacts they brought to China. By illustrating how “ai” in Lin’s translation has departed radically from its traditional usages as depicted in the mid-Qing novel The Story of the Stone (紅樓夢 Hónglóu mèng) and become a close equivalence of the western notion of love, the article shows that the Chinese’s emotional experiences during the early modern period may in all likelihood be different from those of the West, but the two seem to have become increasing comparable. When we seek to understand modern Chinese emotional experience, apart from asking how it is ethnically, socially, culturally, historically different, it might be equally important to ask in what ways the West has made it different from before, and how it has managed to retain its unique identity during a time of radical transformation.
Keywords: conventionalization theory, love, emotion, The Story of the Stone, Shakespeare
Résumé
Inspiré par la théorie sociologique de la « conventionnalisation », développée par Frederick Bartlett, l’article examine les transformations que le terme « love » a apportées au paradigme socio-moral-émotif chinois au début du XXe siècle. Il se concentre sur l’examen des usages et des connotations sémantiques de « ài 愛 », un équivalent approximatif de « love » en chinois, dans Yínbiān yànyǔ 吟邊燕語 (Chanting the swallows’ talks), une traduction de Lín Shū 林紓 (1852–1924) de Tales from Shakespeare, de Charles et Mary Lamb, publiée en 1904, à une époque qui fut le témoin d’un grand nombre de projets de traduction, ainsi que des impacts et changements que ceux-ci ont apportés à la Chine. En illustrant comment « ài », dans la traduction de Lín, s’est radicalement écarté de ses usages traditionnels décrits dans le roman The Story of the Stone (紅樓夢 Hónglóu mèng), qui date du milieu de la dynastie Qing, pour devenir un proche équivalent de la notion occidentale de l’amour, l’article montre que les expériences émotionnelles des Chinois au début de l’ère moderne peuvent, selon toute probabilité, différer de celles de l’Occident, mais qu’il semble qu’elles soient devenues de plus en plus comparables. Lorsque nous cherchons à comprendre les expériences émotionnelles chinoises modernes, hormis en nous demandant en quoi elles diffèrent sur le plan ethnique, social, culturel ou historique, il peut être tout aussi important de nous demander de quelles manières l’Occident les a modifiées par rapport à ce qu’elles étaient auparavant, et comment la Chine a réussi à garder son identité spécifique, à une époque de changements radicaux.
Mots clés : théorie de la conventionnalisation, amour, émotion, The Story of the Stone, Shakespeare
Article outline
- 1.Introduction: “Love” as a national battlefield
- 2.From “Love” to Confucian virtues
- 3.Conventionalization: Assimilating/simplifying “Love” into the Chinese moral paradigm
- 4.“Love” as romantic passion: From “assimilation” to “new social constructiveness”
- 5.Transgressions of “Ai”
- 6.To “ài” or to “love”
- Notes
References
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