Self-image and self-reflection
From China’s outbound translation strategies to her cultural export policy
Published online: 16 April 2018
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00002.cha
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00002.cha
Abstract
The futility of decades of government efforts to disseminate Chinese literature has triggered discussions among Chinese scholars on
how to translate and who should be entrusted with this task. Some blame the failure on traditional concepts of translation that
overemphasize faithfulness to the original to the point of disregarding target cultural conditions, but others insist that China
should have control over its cultural export and that Sino-English should be used to internationalize English. Findings show that
traditional concepts should not be blamed, as aggressively source-oriented strategies have been used in outbound translation only
in recent years, and that this shift in translation norms in government-initiated outbound translation has spread to non-literary
text types, and also to Hong Kong and Taiwan. The same kind of aggressiveness has recently been displayed in other forms of
cultural export, triggering resistance in other cultures. All these changes may be attributable to a heightening of cultural
self-image. What is needed to address the issue is cultural self-reflection, which will lead to the awareness that economic growth
does not immediately bring cultural prestige, and that source-initiated cultural export efforts may make little difference in
central cultures. Cultural awareness at a higher level can be achieved only through empathy.
Résumé
Des décennies d’efforts futiles déployés par le gouvernement pour diffuser la littérature chinoise ont déclenché parmi les
scientifiques chinois des débats sur la manière de traduire et sur ceux qui devraient se voir confier cette tâche. Certains
attribuent l’échec à des concepts de traduction traditionnels qui accordent trop d’importance à la fidélité à l’original au
détriment des conditions culturelles cibles. Cependant, d’autres insistent sur le fait que la Chine devrait avoir le contrôle de
ses exportations culturelles et que le sino-anglais devrait être utilisé pour internationaliser l’anglais. Des observations
montrent qu’il ne faut pas blâmer les concepts traditionnels, parce que des stratégies agressivement orientées vers la source
n’ont été utilisées dans les traductions à destination de l’étranger qu’au cours des dernières années et parce que ce changement
dans les normes traductologiques, dans les traductions lancées par le gouvernement à destination de l’étranger, s’est communiqué à
des types de textes non littéraires, ainsi qu’à Hong Kong et Taïwan. Le même type d’agressivité s’est manifesté récemment dans
d’autres formes d’exportations culturelles, provoquant de la résistance dans d’autres cultures. Tous ces changements peuvent être
attribués à une intensification de l’image de soi culturelle. Pour régler la question, il faut une autoréflexion culturelle qui
conduira à prendre conscience du fait que la croissance économique n’apporte pas immédiatement un prestige culturel et que les
tentatives d’exporter la culture amorcées à la source peuvent faire peu de différences dans des cultures centrales. Seule
l’empathie permet d’arriver à une sensibilité culturelle à un niveau supérieur.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Points of view
- 3.What translation strategies are appropriate?
- 4.Who are best suited for the translation task?
- 5.How much is “primacy of the original” to blame?
- 6.What have been the determining factors for outbound translation?
- 7.From translation strategies to cultural export policy
- 8.Possible effects of source-initiated literary translation
- 9.The issue of cultural awareness
- 10.The need for cultural self-reflection
- 10.1The causes of the image gap
- 10.2The question of soft power
- 10.3The need for empathy
- 10.4Postcolonialism and ethnocentrism
- 11.Concluding remarks
- Notes
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