The overall aim of this paper is to discuss how Talmy’s (1985, 2000) typological framework and Slobin’s (1996) thinking for speaking hypothesis can be fruitful for the investigation of how adult language learners come to express motion events in an L2. We report an empirical study which compares the expression of the semantic components of Path and Manner of motion by three groups of informants: (a) learners whose L1 and L2 belong to different typological patterns (Danish learners of Spanish; (b) learners whose L1 and L2 share the same typological pattern (Italian learners of Spanish); and (c) Spanish native speakers. Based on previous research on L1 acquisition, it was hypothesized that the Danish learner group would exhibit a higher degree of elaboration of the two semantic components than the other informant groups. The results of the study, however, show a limited role for the L1 thinking for speaking patterns in advanced second language acquisition.
Costa-Silva, Jean, Shulin Zhang & Vera Lee-Schoenfeld
2025. The effects of bilingual proficiency on the acceptability of motion encoding strategies. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 28:2 ► pp. 444 ff.
Michelotti, Anna & Helen Engemann
2025. The acquisition of motion event constructions by German-speaking learners of Italian as L3: The role of input frequency distributions, the L1 and the L2(s). International Journal of Bilingualism
2025. Event conflation in high stakes testing: a comparison of usage and relationship to writing scores by language types. Cognitive Linguistics 36:1 ► pp. 121 ff.
2024. Contact Scenario 2: Anglo-French in Contact with Middle English. In Carrying Verbs Across the Channel [New Approaches to English Historical Linguistics, ], ► pp. 167 ff.
Qu, Jiashen & Koji Miwa
2024. Conceptualisation of event roles in L1 and L2 by Japanese learners of English: a cross-linguistic comparison of perspectives of event construal. Cognitive Linguistics 35:4 ► pp. 547 ff.
Smith, Viktor
2024.
motion
,
path
, and
manner
Revisited: Perceptual vs. Conceptual Motion
. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 56:2 ► pp. 100 ff.
Wu, Shu-Ling, Takako Nunome & Jun Wang
2024. Crosslinguistic influence in the conceptualization of motion events: A synthesis study on L2 acquisition of Chinese motion expressions. Second Language Research 40:2 ► pp. 247 ff.
Zhu, Sanmao
2024. An Empirical Study of the Teachability and Learnability of L2 “Thinking for Speaking” Patterns
. International Journal of English Teaching and Learning 2:2 ► pp. 18 ff.
2023. Motion event representation in L1-Turkish versus L2-English speech and gesture: Relations to eye movements for event components. International Journal of Bilingualism 27:1 ► pp. 61 ff.
Aveledo, Fraibet & Panos Athanasopoulos
2023. Bidirectional cross-linguistic influence in motion event conceptualisation in bilingual speakers of Spanish and English. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 61:1 ► pp. 13 ff.
2023. ‘I see less of the surroundings. The story feels different’: Construal and Second Language Learning. In Applying Cognitive Linguistics to Second Language Learning and Teaching, ► pp. 17 ff.
Müller, Henrik Høeg & Antonio Morata
2023. Schematicity vs. lexicality: typological differences between Danish and Spanish. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 55:sup1 ► pp. 104 ff.
París, Luis, Maria Alejandra Celi, Ángel Tabullo & Mahayana C. Godoy
2023. Not all English Resultative Constructions (ERCs) are equal: The acquisition of ERC by Spanish speakers. Language Acquisition 30:2 ► pp. 105 ff.
Treffers-Daller, Jeanine & Fraibet Aveledo
2023. Approaching motion in a second language: how bilinguals restructure motion event expressions inside and outside the classroom. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 61:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Vanek, Norbert & Xingyi Fu
2023. Low-level visual processing of motion events as a window into language-specific effects on perception. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 61:1 ► pp. 61 ff.
2022. Thinking-for-speaking patterns in the L2 classroom: A mindful conceptual engagement approach to teaching motion events. Frontiers in Communication 7
Becerra, Rodrigo, Jorge Osorio, Ítalo Cantarutti & Gabriel Llanquinao
2022. Motion Events in L1 and L2 Mapudungun Narratives: Typology and Cross-Linguistic Influence. Frontiers in Communication 7
Engemann, Helen
2022. How (not) to cross a boundary: Crosslinguistic influence in simultaneous bilingual children's event construal. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25:1 ► pp. 42 ff.
Gerwien, Johannes & Christiane von Stutterheim
2022. Conceptual Blending Across Ontological Domains—References to Time and Space in Motion Events by Tunisian Arabic Speakers of L2 German. Frontiers in Communication 7
Laws, Jacqueline, Anthony Attwood & Jeanine Treffers-Daller
2022. Unlearning the boundary-crossing constraint: processing instruction and the acquisition of motion event construal. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 60:4 ► pp. 1089 ff.
Lewandowski, Wojciech
2022. Bilingual patterns of path encoding: A study of Polish L1-German L2 and Polish L1-Spanish L2 speakers
. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 60:3 ► pp. 679 ff.
Nicoladis, Elena & Helena Hong Gao
2022. How bilinguals refer to Mandarin throwing actions in English. International Journal of Bilingualism 26:1 ► pp. 31 ff.
Park, Hae In, Scott Jarvis & Jeong-eun Kim
2022. Exploring motion event construal: How much attention do speakers of different languages and cultures pay to context?. Lingua 265 ► pp. 103164 ff.
Aktan-Erciyes, Asli, Tilbe Göksun, Ali İzzet Tekcan & Ayhan Aksu-Koç
2021. Codificación del movimiento por aprendices checos de españo: influencia de los patrones de pensar para hablar de la L1 en la L2. Romanica Cracoviensia 21:3 ► pp. 239 ff.
Calle Bocanegra, Rosalía
2024. The boundary-crossing constraint revisited: movement verbs across varieties of Spanish. Cognitive Linguistics 35:1 ► pp. 35 ff.
Guerrero García, Sandra
2021. La traducción pedagógica como vehículo entre lenguas tipológicamente diferentes. Studia Iberystyczne 19 ► pp. 61 ff.
Lewandowski, Wojciech & Şeyda Özçalışkan
2021. How language type influences patterns of motion expression in bilingual speakers. Second Language Research 37:1 ► pp. 27 ff.
Lewandowski, Wojciech & Şeyda Özçalışkan
2021. THE SPECIFICITY OF EVENT EXPRESSION IN FIRST LANGUAGE INFLUENCES EXPRESSION OF OBJECT PLACEMENT EVENTS IN SECOND LANGUAGE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:4 ► pp. 838 ff.
Lewandowski, Wojciech & Şeyda Özçalışkan
2023. Running across the mind or across the park: does speech about physical and metaphorical motion go hand in hand?. Cognitive Linguistics 34:3-4 ► pp. 411 ff.
Tian, Lixian & Steven G. McCafferty
2021. Chinese international students’ multicultural identity and second language development: gesture awareness and use. Language Awareness 30:2 ► pp. 114 ff.
VON STUTTERHEIM, CHRISTIANE, MONIQUE LAMBERT & JOHANNES GERWIEN
2021. Limitations on the role of frequency in L2 acquisition. Language and Cognition 13:2 ► pp. 291 ff.
2020. Effects of second language on motion event lexicalization: Comparison of bilingual and monolingual children’s frog story narratives. Dil ve Dilbilimi Çalışmaları Dergisi 16:3 ► pp. 1127 ff.
Anastasio, Simona & Sandra Benazzo
2020. L’expression du déplacement en italien et français L2 : influence translinguistique vs tendances communes. Discours :26
Park, Hae In
2020. How do Korean–English bilinguals speak and think about motion events? Evidence from verbal and non-verbal tasks. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:3 ► pp. 483 ff.
Park, Hae In
2022. The Role of Language in Expressing Agentivity in Caused Motion Events: A Cross-Linguistic Investigation. Frontiers in Psychology 13
2023. L’ESPRESSIONE DEL MOVIMENTO DA PARTE DI APPRENDENTI D’ITALIANO L2 CON L1 FRANCESE E INGLESE: INCROCIO TRA FATTORI TIPOLOGICI E COGNITIVI. Italiano LinguaDue 15:2 ► pp. 1 ff.
Anastasio, Simona
2023. Motion event construal in L2 French and Italian: from acquisitional perspectives to pedagogical implications. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 61:1 ► pp. 37 ff.
Kweon, Soo-Ok
2019. The Relationship between Language and Thought in Motion Event Cognition in Second Language Acquisition. Lanaguage Research 55:3 ► pp. 457 ff.
Muñoz, Meritxell & Teresa Cadierno
2019. Mr Bean exits the garage driving or does he drive out of the garage? Bidirectional transfer in the expression of Path. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 57:1 ► pp. 45 ff.
WANG, YI & LI WEI
2019. Cognitive restructuring in the bilingual mind: motion event construal in early Cantonese–English bilinguals. Language and Cognition 11:4 ► pp. 527 ff.
Wang, Yi & Li Wei
2021. Cognitive restructuring in the multilingual mind: language-specific effects on processing efficiency of caused motion events in Cantonese–English–Japanese speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24:4 ► pp. 730 ff.
Wang, Yi & Li Wei
2022. Thinking and Speaking in a Second Language,
Babanoğlu, M. Pınar
2018. Motion Verbs in Learner Corpora. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences
Hijazo-Gascón, Alberto
2018. Acquisition of motion events in L2 Spanish by German, French and Italian speakers. The Language Learning Journal 46:3 ► pp. 241 ff.
IAKOVLEVA, TATIANA & DORIANE GRAS
2018. The Expression of Upward Motion by Russian Speakers Acquiring French or English as a Foreign Language. The Modern Language Journal 102:2 ► pp. 416 ff.
Lopez-Ozieblo, Renia
2018. Can gestures help clarify the meaning of the Spanish marker ‘se’?. Lingua 208 ► pp. 1 ff.
2017. Developing new ‘thinking-for-speaking’ patterns in Greek as a foreign language: the role of proficiency and stays abroad. The Language Learning Journal 45:1 ► pp. 66 ff.
BERTHELE, RAPHAEL & LADINA STOCKER
2017. The effect of language mode on motion event descriptions in German–French bilinguals. Language and Cognition 9:4 ► pp. 648 ff.
Ji, Yinglin
2017. Motion Event Similarity Judgments in One or Two Languages: An Exploration of Monolingual Speakers of English and Chinese vs. L2 Learners of English. Frontiers in Psychology 8
MONTERO-MELIS, GUILLERMO & EMANUEL BYLUND
2017. Getting the ball rolling: the cross-linguistic conceptualization of caused motion. Language and Cognition 9:3 ► pp. 446 ff.
Ortega, Samuel A. Navarro
2017. Sensitivity to the Path Conflation in Oral L2 Spanish. In Comprehending and Speaking about Motion in L2 Spanish, ► pp. 131 ff.
Ortega, Samuel A. Navarro
2017. Sensitivity to the Path Conflation in Written L2 Spanish. In Comprehending and Speaking about Motion in L2 Spanish, ► pp. 101 ff.
Ortega, Samuel A. Navarro
2017. The Linguistic Expression of Motion in Language. In Comprehending and Speaking about Motion in L2 Spanish, ► pp. 27 ff.
Ortega, Samuel A. Navarro
2017. Motion-Event Descriptions a Recurrent Topic in Spanish Discourse. In Comprehending and Speaking about Motion in L2 Spanish, ► pp. 55 ff.
Ortega, Samuel A. Navarro
2017. Introduction. In Comprehending and Speaking about Motion in L2 Spanish, ► pp. 1 ff.
2017. The use of syntactic features in formulating sentences in English as a second language by native speakers of Spanish. Language and Cognition 9:3 ► pp. 501 ff.
Song, Lulu, Rachel Pulverman, Christina Pepe, Roberta Michnick Golinkoff & Kathy Hirsh-Pasek
2016. Does the Owl Fly Out of the Tree or Does the Owl Exit the Tree Flying? How L2 Learners Overcome Their L1 Lexicalization Biases. Language Learning and Development 12:1 ► pp. 42 ff.
Wessel-Tolvig, Bjørn & Patrizia Paggio
2016. Revisiting the thinking-for-speaking hypothesis: Speech and gesture representation of motion in Danish and Italian. Journal of Pragmatics 99 ► pp. 39 ff.
Brown, Amanda
2015. Universal Development and L1–L2 Convergence in Bilingual Construal of Manner in Speech and Gesture in Mandarin, Japanese, and English. The Modern Language Journal 99:S1 ► pp. 66 ff.
Brown, Amanda
2024. The Development of Multi-competence: L1 Japanese-L2 English Expression of Path Across L2 Proficiencies with Maintained L1 Residence. Journal of the European Second Language Association 8:1 ► pp. 209 ff.
Bylund, Emanuel & Panos Athanasopoulos
2015. Introduction: Cognition, Motion Events, and SLA. The Modern Language Journal 99:S1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Flecken, Monique, Mary Carroll, Katja Weimar & Christiane Von Stutterheim
2015. Driving Along the Road or Heading for the Village? Conceptual Differences Underlying Motion Event Encoding in French, German, and French–German L2 Users. The Modern Language Journal 99:S1 ► pp. 100 ff.
Gerwien, Johannes & Monique Flecken
2015. There is no prime for time: the missing link between form and concept of progressive aspect in L2 production. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 18:5 ► pp. 561 ff.
Hendriks, Henriette & Maya Hickmann
2015. Finding One's Path Into Another Language: On the Expression of Boundary Crossing by English Learners of French. The Modern Language Journal 99:S1 ► pp. 14 ff.
Michot, Marie-Eve, Stefanie Goldschmitt & Michel Pierrard
2015. Il saute dehors/ Il grimpe dessus : particules adverbales de trajectoire en français L1 et L2. Pratiques :167-168
VANEK, NORBERT & HENRIËTTE HENDRIKS
2015. Convergence of temporal reference frames in sequential bilinguals: event structuring unique to second language users. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18:4 ► pp. 753 ff.
Cortès-Colomé, Montserrat & Elizabeth Gilboy
2014. Thinking for speaking: the expression of motion events by Russian and Chinese learners of Catalan as a second language / Pensar para hablar: la expresión de eventos de movimiento en hablantes nativos de ruso y mandarín que aprenden catalán como una segunda lengua. Infancia y Aprendizaje 37:3 ► pp. 429 ff.
Cunha, Evandro, Gabriel Magno, Marcos André Gonçalves, César Cambraia & Virgilio Almeida
2014. Proceedings of the 25th ACM conference on Hypertext and social media, ► pp. 212 ff.
2014. Grammatical preferences in aspect marking in first language and second language: The case of first language Dutch, English, and German and first language Dutch second language English, and first language Dutch second language German. Applied Psycholinguistics 35:6 ► pp. 969 ff.
JI, YINGLIN & JILL HOHENSTEIN
2014. The expression of caused motion by adult Chinese learners of English. Language and Cognition 6:4 ► pp. 427 ff.
Ji, Yinglin & Jill Hohenstein
2014. The syntactic packaging of caused motion components in a second language: English learners of Chinese. Lingua 140 ► pp. 100 ff.
2012. No Evidence of L1 Path Encoding Strategies in the L2 in Advanced Bulgarian Speakers of Norwegian. Spatial Cognition & Computation 12:4 ► pp. 275 ff.
Larrañaga, Pilar, Jeanine Treffers-Daller, Françoise Tidball & Mari-carmen Gil Ortega
2012. L1 transfer in the acquisition of manner and path in Spanish by native speakers of English. International Journal of Bilingualism 16:1 ► pp. 117 ff.
Stringer, David
2012. Spatial Feature Assembly in First and Second Language Acquisition. Spatial Cognition & Computation 12:4 ► pp. 252 ff.
DALLER, MICHAEL H., JEANINE TREFFERS-DALLER & REYHAN FURMAN
2011. Transfer of conceptualization patterns in bilinguals: The construal of motion events in Turkish and German. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14:1 ► pp. 95 ff.
FLECKEN, MONIQUE
2011. Event conceptualization by early Dutch–German bilinguals: Insights from linguistic and eye-tracking data. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14:1 ► pp. 61 ff.
Jia, Zongpu, Gaolei Wang & Ran Zhao
2011. A Literature Survey on Handoff for Mobile IPv6. Journal of Networks 6:8
Wu, Shu‐Ling
2011. Learning to Express Motion Events in an L2: The Case of Chinese Directional Complements. Language Learning 61:2 ► pp. 414 ff.
WU, SHU‐LING
2016. Development of Thinking for Speaking: What Role Does Language Socialization Play?. The Modern Language Journal 100:2 ► pp. 446 ff.
Robinson, P., T. Cadierno & Y. Shirai
2009. Time and Motion: Measuring the Effects of the Conceptual Demands of Tasks on Second Language Speech Production. Applied Linguistics 30:4 ► pp. 533 ff.
Brown, Amanda & Marianne Gullberg
2008. BIDIRECTIONAL CROSSLINGUISTIC INFLUENCE IN L1-L2 ENCODING OF MANNER IN SPEECH AND GESTURE: A Study of Japanese Speakers of English. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 30:02 ► pp. 225 ff.
BROWN, AMANDA & MARIANNE GULLBERG
2011. Bidirectional cross-linguistic influence in event conceptualization? Expressions of Path among Japanese learners of English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14:1 ► pp. 79 ff.
BROWN, AMANDA & MARIANNE GULLBERG
2013. L1–L2 convergence in clausal packaging in Japanese and English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16:3 ► pp. 477 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 14 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.
