Article published In: Sociocognitive Approaches to Second Language Pedagogy
Edited by Bronwen Patricia Dyson
[Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 33:3] 2010
► pp. 29.1–29.17
Acquisition of L2 English morphology
A Family case study
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.
Published online: 1 January 2010
https://doi.org/10.2104/aral1029
https://doi.org/10.2104/aral1029
This study investigates the status of morphology in the L2 English of three members of a family from Indonesia (parents and their 5-year-old daughter) who have lived, studied or worked in Australia for a year. The investigation is contextualized against various learning settings in which the informants have learned English: formal instruction in the foreign language environment, naturalistic learning in the target language setting, and a mixture of formal and naturalistic learning in the target language environment. Following the developmental hierarchy for English morphology (Pienemann, 2005; Bettoni and Di Biase, forthcoming) and analytical procedures in Processability Theory (Pienemann, 1998, 2005), we found the informants were at different stages of L2 English morphology, with the father being the most advanced and the daughter the least. We also found a systematic developmental profile of each informant in line with the developmental hierarchy for English morphology. Both findings are discussed with reference to the developmental sequences and the role of learning settings in SLA.
References (33)
Bardovi–Harlig, Kathleen. (1995). The interaction of pedagogy and natural sequences in the acquisition of tense and aspect. In F. Eckman, D. Highland, P. Lee, J. Mileham and R. Weber (Eds.), Second language acquisition theory and pedagogy (pp. 151–168). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Beck, Maria–Luise. (1997). Regular verbs, past tense and frequency: Tracking down a potential source of NS/NNS competence differences. Second Language Research, 131, 93–115.
Bettoni, Camilla; Di Biase, Bruno. (Forthcoming). Processability Thoery and its theoretical bases. To appear in B. Di Biase and C. Bettoni (Eds.), Processability Theory: Current issues in theory and application. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Carroll, John. (1967). Foreign language proficiency levels attained by language majors near graduation from college. Foreign Language Annals, 11, 131–151.
De Graaff, Rick; Housen, Alex. (2009). Investigating effects and effectiveness of L2 instruction. In M. Long and C. Doughty (Eds.), The handbook of language teaching (pp. 726–753). Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell.
Dekeyser, Robert. (2007). Skill acquisition theory. In B. van Pattern and J. Williams (Eds.). Theories in second language acquisition (pp. 97–14). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ellis, Rod. (1989). Are classroom and naturalistic acquisition the same? A study of the classroom acquisition of German word order rules. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 111, 305–328.
Hawkins, Roger; Liszka, Sarah. (2003). Locating the source of defective past tense marking in advanced L2 English speakers. In R. van Hout, A. Hulk, F. Kuiken and R. Towell (Eds.), The Lexicon–syntax interface in second language acquisition (pp. 21–44). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Hyltenstam, Kenneth; Abrahamsson, Niclas. (2003). Maturational constraints in SLA. In C. Doughty and M. Long (Eds.), The handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 539–588). Oxford: Blackwell.
Jansen, Louise. (2008). Acquisition of German word order in tutored learners: A cross–sectional study in a wider theoretical context. Language Learning, 581, 185–231.
Jia, Gisela; Fuse, Akiko. (2007). Acquisition of English grammatical morphology by native Mandarin–speaking children and adolescents: Age–related differences. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 501, 1280–1299.
Kasper, Gabriele. (1997). “A” stands for acquisition: A response to Firth and Wagner. The Modern Language Journal, 811, 307–312.
Kessler, Jeorg. (Ed.). (2008). Processability approaches to second language development and second language learning. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press.
Krashen, Stephen. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. New York: Pergamon Press.
Krashen, Stephen; Long, Michael; Scarcella, Roger. (1979). Age, rate and eventual attainment in second language acquisition. TESOL Quarterly, 131, 573–582.
Lardiere, Donna. (1998a). Case and tense in the ‘fossilized’ steady state. Second Language Research, 14(1), 1–26.
. (1998b). Dissociating syntax from morphology in a divergent L2 end–state grammar. Second Language Research, 141, 359–375.
. (2000). Mapping features to forms in second language acquisition. In J. Archibald (Ed.), Second language acquisition and linguistic theory (pp.102–129). Oxford: Blackwell.
Liddicoat, Anthony. (1997). Interaction, social structure, and second language use: A response to Firth and Wagner. The Modern Language Journal, 811, 313–317.
Mansouri, Fethi. (Ed.). (2007). Second language research theory–construction and testing. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press.
Mason, Charles. (1971). The relevance of intensive training in English as a foreign language for university students. Language Learning, 211, 197–204.
Ortega, Lourdes. (2009). Sequences and processes in language learning. In M. Long and C. Doughty (Eds.). The handbook of language teaching (pp. 81–105). Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell.
Pallotti, Gabriele. (2007). An operational definition of the emergence criterion. Applied Linguistics, 281, 361–382.
Pienemann, Manfred. (1987). Psychological constraints on the teachability of language. In C. Pfaff (Ed.), First and second language acquisition processes (pp. 146–168). New Book: Newbury House.
. (1998). Language processing and second language development: Processability Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. (2005). An introduction to Processability Theory. In M. Pienemann (Ed.), Cross–linguistic aspects of Processability Theory (pp. 1–60). Amsterdam John Benjamins.
Sato, Charlene. (1990). The syntax of conversation in interlanguage development. Tubingen: Gunter Narr.
Schmidt, Richard. (1983). Interaction, acculturation, and the acquisition of communicative competence: A case study of an adult. In N. Wolfson and E. Judd (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and language acquisition (pp. 137–174). Rowley, MA.: Newbury House.
Siegel, Jeff. (2003). Social context. In C. Doughty and M. Long (Eds.), The handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 179–223). Oxford: Blackwell.
Upshur, John. (1968). Four experiments on the relation between foreign language teaching and learning. Language Learning, 181, 111–124.
Zhang, Yanyin. (2003). A note on the accuracy criterion and the emergence criterion. Chinese Teaching in the World [in Chinese], 65 (3), 52–60.
Zhang, Yanyin; Liu, Bo; Bower, Eileen. (in preparation). Nature or nurture? Past tense marking by advanced Chinese speakers of L2 English.
Cited by (12)
Cited by 12 other publications
Mohamed Salleh, Rabiah Tul Adawiyah, Bruno Di Biase & Satomi Kawaguchi
2023. The bilingual development of plural marking in a Malay-English child. In Processability and Language Acquisition in the Asia-Pacific Region [Processability Approaches to Language Acquisition Research & Teaching, 9], ► pp. 165 ff.
Salleh, Rabiah Tul Adawiyah Mohamed, Bruno Di Biase & Satomi Kawaguchi
Yamaguchi, Yumiko & Hiroko Usami
2023. Testing the validity of Processability Theory through a corpus-based analysis. In Processability and Language Acquisition in the Asia-Pacific Region [Processability Approaches to Language Acquisition Research & Teaching, 9], ► pp. 280 ff.
Guijarro-Fuentes, Pedro & Cristina Suárez-Gómez
Zhang, Yanyin & Ima Widyastuti
WERNER, VALENTIN & ROBERT FUCHS
박채희 & 이영화
Oliver, Rhonda, Honglin Chen & Stephen Moore
Eguchi, Akiko & Masatoshi Sugiura
Pfenninger, Simone E.
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 6 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
