Article published In: Australian Review of Applied Linguistics: Online-First Articles
Reclaiming, learning, and sharing Wiradyuri language the Yindyamarra way
Published online: 13 January 2026
https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.25050.woo
https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.25050.woo
Abstract
The failure of the Australian higher education sector to enable comparable participation, retention and completion
rates of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander students relative to their non-Indigenous counterparts is well documented.
Although the prevailing narrative about Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander students in mainstream higher education is
largely one of deficit, the Graduate Certificate in Wiradjuri Language, Culture and Heritage (GCWLCH) since 2014 demonstrates an
alternative of high student engagement and high completion rates. In this paper we present the work conducted to create and
deliver the culturally embedded and place-based language course, which was developed with, and is overseen by, Wiradyuri Elders
and the GCWLCH Governance Committee (of which the first four authors are members) and offered through Charles Sturt University
(CSU). The GCWLCH is framed by Wiradyuri knowledges and systems and a worldview where language and learning pedagogies are
intimately connected with and to Country (place), ancestors, people, lore, and culture. This innovative, culturally centred, and
self-determined approach to language learning has generated numerous success stories in terms of student retention and engagement.
We report findings on the high rates of student access, progress, completions, and positive evaluations of the GCWLCH, and
anecdotal evidence of how the course has led to transformative outcomes and empowering experiences among Wiradyuri students. In
conclusion, the findings presented in this paper on Wiradyuri language reclamation and education demonstrate the profound
implications for asserting sovereignty and exercising self-determination in a Wiradyuri nation building approach, for sustaining
and centring Wiradyuri ways of culture, identity, and social and emotional wellbeing.
Article outline
- Introduction: The context of Indigenous language and higher education
- The graduate certificate in wiradjuri language, culture and heritage
- Course background
- Course structure
- Course pedagogy
- The outcomes and success stories of the GCWLCH
- Learnings, reflections, and conclusion
- Notes
References
References (51)
Australian Bureau of Statistics
(ABS; 2021). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people:
Census. Available from: [URL]
Behrendt, L., Larkin, S., Griew, R. & Kelly, P. (2012). Review
of higher education access and outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: Final
Report. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government. Available from: [URL]
Benton, M., Hearn, S., & Marmolejo-Ramos, F. (2021). Indigenous
students’ experience and engagement with support at university: a mixed-method study. The
Australian Journal of Indigenous
Education, 501, 256–264.
Bond, C., Brough, M., Mukandi, B., Springer, S., Askew, D., & Stajic, J. (2020). Looking
forward looking black: making the case for a radical rethink of strategies for success in Indigenous higher
education. The Australian Journal of Indigenous
Education, 491, 153–162.
Bradley, D., Noonan, P., Nugent, H., & Scales, B. (2008). Review
of Australian Higher Education: Final
Report. Canberra: Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. [URL]
Bryant, J., Bolt, R., Botfield, J. R., Martin, K., Doyle, M., Murphy, D., Graham, S., Newman, C. E., Bell, S., Treloar, C., Browne, A. J., & Aggleton, P. (2021). Beyond
deficit: ‘Strengths-based approaches’ in Indigenous health research. Sociology of Health &
Illness, 43(6), 1405–1421.
Bunda, T. & Phillips, L. G. (2023). Storying:
The vitality of social movements. In Storying Social
Movement/s (pp. 1–17). Cham: Springer International Publishing
Burgess, C., Tennent, C., Vass, G., Guenther, J., Lowe, K., & Moodie, N. (2019). A
systematic review of pedagogies that support, engage and improve the educational outcomes of Aboriginal
students. Australian Educational
Researcher, 46(2), 297–318.
Calma, T., Dudgeon, P., & Bray, A. (2017). Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing and mental health. Australian
Psychologist, 52(4), 255–260.
Commonwealth of Australia (2020). National
Indigenous languages report. Canberra: Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications, AIATSIS, & CAEPR
(2024). Closing
the gap: Annual data compilation report. Available from: [URL]
Cook, B., Whatman, S., & Sammel, A. (2023). First
Peoples’ perspectives on successful engagement at university: What keeps students coming back to Indigenous education
units? The Australian Journal of Indigenous
Education, 52(1), 1–20.
Cornell, S. (2015). Processes
of native nationhood: The indigenous politics of self-government. The International Indigenous
Policy Journal, 6(4), article
4.
Cornell, S. & Kalt, J. P. (2007). Two
approaches to the development of Native Nations: One works, the other
doesn’t’. In M. Jorgensen (ed), Rebuilding
Native Nations: Strategies for Governance and
Development (pp 3–32). University of Arizona Press
Department of Education (2024). Completion
rates — Cohort analyses. Available from: [URL]
Dhillon, S. (2024). Critical
Self-Reflection in Learning Development. In A. Syska & C. Buckley (eds), How
to Be a Learning Developer in Higher Education: Critical Perspectives, Community and Practice (1st
ed., pp. 109–117). Routledge.
First Languages Australia and Commonwealth of
Australia (2023). Voices of Country — Australia’s Action Plan for the
International Decade of Indigenous Languages 2022–2032. [URL]
Goodall, H., Norman, H., & Russon, B. (2022). ’Proper
Deadly’: Student memories of adult education under Indigenous control: Tranby, 1980–2000. The
Australian Journal of Indigenous
Education, 51(2), 1–18.
Grant, S. (Snr) & Rudder, J. (2005). A
first Wiradjuri dictionary: English to Wiradjuri, Wiradjuri to English and categories of
things. O’Connor, A.C.T.: Restoration House.
Grant, S. (Snr) (2024). Foreword by Dr Uncle Stan
Grant Senior. In K. E. Reimer, M. Kaukko, S. Windsor, S. Kemmis, & K. Mahon, Living
Well in a World Worth Living in for
All (Vol. 21, pp. 1–5). Springer Nature.
Guenther, J., Disbray, S., & Osborne, S. (2015). Building
on ‘red dirt’ perspectives: What counts as important for remote education? Australian Journal
of Indigenous
Education 441, 194–206.
Guenther, J., Dwyer, A., Wooltorton, S., & Wilks, J. (2021). Aboriginal
student engagement and success in Kimberley tertiary education. The Australian Journal of
Indigenous
Education, 501, 265–273.
Harry, M., Trudgett, M., Page, S., & Grace, R. (2023). Researching
and reorienting mentorship practices to empower the success of Indigenous Australian young
people. The Australian Journal of Indigenous
Education, 52(1), 1–18.
Hearn, S., Benton, M., Funnell, S., & Marmolejo-Ramos, F. (2021). Investigation
of the factors contributing to Indigenous students’ retention and attrition rates at the University of
Adelaide. The Australian Journal of Indigenous
Education, 501, 20–28.
Hill, B., Nilson, C., Uink, B., & Fetherston, C. (2023). Transformation
at the cultural interface: Exploring the experiences of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander university
students. The Australian Journal of Indigenous
Education, 52(2), 1–18.
Jorgensen, M., Vivian, A., Compton, A., Murray, D., Evans, D., & Gertz, J. (2023). Yes,
The Time Is Now: Indigenous Nation Policy Making for Self-determined
Futures. In N. Moodie & S. Maddison (Eds.), Public
Policy and Indigenous Futures, Indigenous-Settler Relations in Australia and the
World 41 (pp. 129–147).
Jorgensen, M. (ed), (2007). Rebuilding
Native Nations, Rebuilding Native Nations: Strategies for Governance and
Development. University of Arizona Press.
Keating, G. (2023). Schools
and universities as elders: Institutional mentoring and the Indigenous
student. In Padró, F. F., Green, J. H., & Bull, D. (eds). Widening
Participation in Higher
Education. Springer, Singapore.
Lee, T. S. (2015). The
significance of self-determination in socially, culturally, and linguistically responsive (SCLR) education in Indigenous
contexts. Journal of American Indian
Education, 54(1), 10–32.
Lowitja Institute (2020). Culture is Key:
Towards Cultural Determinants-Driven Health Policy — Final
Report. Melbourne: Lowitja Institute. [URL]
Lydster, C., & Murray, J. (2018). Understanding
the challenges yet focusing on the successes: An investigation into Indigenous university students’ academic
success. The Australian Journal of Indigenous
Education, 48(2), 107–118.
McKay, G. R. (2011). Policy
and Indigenous languages in Australia. Australian Review of Applied
Linguistics, 34(3), 297–319.
Menzies, K. (2019). Understanding
the Australian Aboriginal experience of collective, historical and intergenerational
trauma. International Social
Work, 62(6), 1522–1534.
Moodie, N., Ewen, S., McLeod, J., & Platania-Phung, C. (2018). Indigenous
graduate research students in Australia: A critical review of the research. Higher Education
Research and
Development, 37(4), 805–820.
Moodie, N. (2020). Capitalising
on success: Relationality and Indigenous higher education
futures. In S. Maddison & S. Nakata (eds.). Questioning
Indigenous-Settler Relations: Interdisciplinary
Perspectives (pp. 107–123). Springer.
Moreton-Robinson, A. (2015). The
White Possessive: Property, Power, and Indigenous
Sovereignty. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
Murray, D. & Evans, D. (2021). Culturally
centred, Community led: Wiradjuri Nation-rebuilding. In D. Smith, A. Wighton, S. Cornell, & A. Via Delaney (eds). Developing
governance and governing development. Rowman & Littlefield.
Nakata, M., Nakata, V., Day, A., & Peachey, M. (2019). Closing
gaps in Indigenous undergraduate higher education outcomes: Repositioning the role of student support services to improve
retention and completion rates. The Australian Journal of Indigenous
Education, 48(1), 1–11.
National Indigenous Australians Agency
(NIAA; 2024). Indigenous Student Success Program Allocations and Student
Data (2017–2023). Available from: [URL]
Pechenkina, E. (2019). Persevering,
educating and influencing a change: a case study of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander narratives of academic
success. Critical Studies in
Education, 60(4), 496–512.
QILT (2024). Quality Indicators for
Learning and Teaching. Available from: [URL]
Slatyer, S., Cramer, J., Pugh, J. D., & Twigg, D. E. (2016). Barriers
and enablers to retention of Aboriginal diploma of nursing students in Western Australia: An exploratory descriptive
study. Nurse Education
Today, 421, 17–22.
Steele, C., Gower, G., & Bogachenko, T. (2024). Creating
and enacting culturally responsive assessment for First Nations students in higher education
settings. The Australian Journal of
Education, 68(2), 84–102.
Taylor, E. V., Lalovic, A., & Thompson, S. C. (2019). Beyond
enrolments: a systematic review exploring the factors affecting the retention of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health
students in the tertiary education system. International Journal for Equity in
Health, 18(1), 136–19.
UNESCO (2010). Atlas of world’s languages
in danger (C. Moseley & A. Nicolas editors). UNESCO (3rd
Ed.)
(2021). Global Action Plan of the
International Decade of Indigenous Languages, (IDIL2022–2032); abridged
version. [URL]
Universities Australia. (2023). Indigenous
strategy annual report. [URL]
Vivian, A., & Halloran, M. J. (2022). Dynamics
of the policy environment and trauma in relations between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and the
settler-colonial state. Critical Social
Policy, 42(4), 626–647.
Woods, R., Murray, D., Harris, L., Vivian, A., & Halloran, M. (2025). ‘We
can no more own the land we walk on than the air we breathe’: Indigenous conceptions of place and Connection to
Country. In I. Butterworth (Ed.). ‘Sense
of place’: Opportunities for reconnecting and rebuilding our place in the world. Cambridge University Press.