Article published In: Australian Review of Applied Linguistics
Vol. 48:1 (2025) ► pp.98–121
Teaching culture in a competitive market
The introduction of VCE Chinese Language, Culture, and Society
Published online: 14 December 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.22019.ben
https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.22019.ben
Abstract
In 2012, the White Paper Australia in the Asian Century urged governments across Australia to improve access to Asian studies in schools. Despite this, schools still struggle to maintain interest and success for secondary students, particularly those without an Asian family background. In response to the low numbers of non-Chinese-background students graduating from secondary schools with proficiency in Chinese language, the Victorian government launched a new Chinese Language, Culture, and Society subject in 2017. This study focuses on the teaching of this subject, which is taken in the last two years of secondary schooling during the pre-tertiary Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE). Drawing upon interview data with administrators, teachers and students during the first years of its implementation, the article presents the views and challenges of stakeholders involved in this subject and argues that the inherent limitations of the VCE system will make it difficult for the new subject to achieve its stated aims.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Literature review and research context
- 3.Methodology
- 3.1The project
- 3.2An overview of the Chinese Language and Culture Studies course (CLCS)
- 4.Findings
- 4.1Student voice
- 4.2Teacher voice
- 4.3Philosophy and pedagogy
- 5.Discussion
- 6.Conclusion
- Notes
References
References (39)
Baldwin, J. (2011). ‘Comfortably British’ to ‘fundamentally economic’? The effects of language policies on Year 12 language candidature in Victoria. Babel, 46(1), 30–38.
Brady, A. M. (2015). Authoritarianism goes global (II): China’s foreign propaganda machine. Journal of Democracy, 26(4), 51–59.
Byram, M. (1994). Developing a theory of language-and-culture learning. In M. Byram & C. Morgan (Eds.), Teaching-and-learning language-and-culture (pp. 4–40). Multilingual Matters.
Brewer, P., & Venaik, S. (2011). Individualism–collectivism in Hofstede and GLOBE. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(3), 436–445.
Carrico, K. (2014). The pedagogy of controversy in the field of China Studies: Teaching the Cultural Revolution. Learning and Teaching, 7(2), 28–57.
Connell, R. (2013). The neoliberal cascade and education: an essay on the market agenda and its consequences. Critical Studies in Education, 54(2), 99–112.
Curriculum Policies Project (2008). Chronologies of secondary school curriculum policy: Victoria. University of Melbourne Graduate School of Education. [URL]
Davies, G. (2013). Fitting words. In G. R. Barmé & J. Goldkorn (Eds.), China story yearbook 2013: Civilising China (pp. 382–407). ANU Press.
Gueorguiev, D. D., Lü, X., Ratigan, K., Rithmire, M., & Truex, R. (2020). How to teach China this fall. ChinaFile. [URL]
Hail, H. C. (2015). Patriotism abroad: Overseas Chinese students’ encounters with criticisms of China. Journal of Studies in International Education, 19(4), 311–326.
Hinkel, E. (1999). Introduction: Culture in research and second language pedagogy. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Culture in second language teaching and learning (pp. 1–7). Cambridge University Press.
Ho, C. (2019). Angry Anglos and aspirational Asians: Everyday multiculturalism in the selective school system in Sydney. Discourse: Studies in the cultural politics of education, 40(4), 514–529.
(2020). Aspiration and anxiety: Asian migrants and Australian schooling. Melbourne University Press.
Holme, R. (2003). Carrying a baby in the back: Teaching with an awareness of the cultural construction of language. In M. Ryram & P. Grundy (Eds.), Context and culture in language teaching and learning (pp. 18–31). Multilingual Matters.
Keynton, J. (2018). Classroom learners of Chinese in senior secondary school: The experience of systemic obstacles. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 41(3), 280–306.
Kroeber, A. L., Kluckhohn, C., & Untereiner, W. (1978). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Kraus Reprint Co.
Leung, K., Ang, S., & Tan, M. L. (2014). Intercultural competence. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behaviour, 11, 4889–519.
Lim, T. W. (2018). Review of ‘China’s Asian dream: Empire building along the new silk road’ by Tom Miller. Pacific Affairs, 91(1), 147–49.
Nagata, A. L. (2004). Promoting self-reflexivity in intercultural education. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 81, 139–167.
O’Meara, G. (2014). The necessity to redefine Chinese second language learners: A Victorian case study. Babel, 49(1), 18–25.
Orton, J. (2010). The current state of Chinese language education in Australian schools. Education Services Australia.
(2016). Building Chinese language capacity in Australia. Australia-China Relations Institute. [URL]
Pilcher, S., & Torii, K. (2018). Crunching the number: Exploring the use and usefulness of the Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR). Mitchell Institute paper No. 01/2018. Mitchell Institute, Melbourne.
Silvester, B. (2020). Textbook used in Victorian schools repeats Chinese government propaganda. [URL]
Sriprakash, A., Proctor, H., & Hu, B. (2016). Visible pedagogic work: Parenting, private tutoring and educational advantage in Australia. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 37(3), 426–441,
Starkey, H., & Osler, A. (2001). Language learning and antiracism: Some pedagogical challenges. The Curriculum Journal, 12(3), 313–345.
Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. (2013). Strengthening senior secondary pathways. [URL] [URL]
. (2015). Chinese – rationale and aims – Victorian curriculum. [URL]
. (2020). Subjects and assessment. [URL]
Wang, Z. (2014). Never forget national humiliation: Historical memory in Chinese politics and foreign relations. Columbia University Press.
Willoughby, L. (2018). High stakes assessment of heritage languages: The case of the Victorian Certificate of Education. In P. P. Trifonas & T. Aravossitas (Eds.), Handbook of research and practice in heritage language education (pp. 429–443). Springer International Publishing.
Xu, J., & Ha, W. (2018). Senior Chinese course: Chinese language, culture and society. Cengage Learning Asia.
Yang, C. (2017). Identity, capital and community language schooling: Teenagers at a weekend Chinese school in Melbourne, Australia [Unpublished thesis]. Monash University. Thesis,
Zhang, G., & Gong, Q. (2014). The poor retention of year 11/12 Chinese in Australian schools: A Relevance Theory perspective. In K. Dunworth & G. Zhang (Eds.), Critical perspectives on language education: Voices from Australia and the Asia Pacific (pp. 119–140). Springer International Publishing AG, Cham.
