Article published In: Asia-Pacific Language Variation
Vol. 3:1 (2017) ► pp.67–94
Relative frequency and the holistic processing of morphology
Evidence from a corpus of vernacular Japanese
Published online: 28 September 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/aplv.3.1.04hef
https://doi.org/10.1075/aplv.3.1.04hef
Abstract
This study presents apparent-time changes in the morphology of the expression mitai-na ‘similar to’. Based on apparent-time data, we argue that the morphological boundary between mitai and the attributive morpheme -na in the phrase mitai-na has disappeared, and that this complex phrase is now processed as a monomorphemic form. We suggest that relative frequency is the key to understanding the results.
We further supplement our argument with data on the standardization of the adverbial adjective form in the Kansai dialect. Young speakers overwhelmingly use the standard form of adverbials for all adjectives except two: yō ‘a lot, well’ and hayō ‘quickly, early’ (instead of Standard Japanese yoku and hayaku). The three linguistic forms that display unusual behavior (mitai-na and the adverbial forms of yō and hayō) all have a high relative frequency. We conclude that when a complex form occurs more frequently than its components (high relative frequency), then it behaves as a monomorphemic unit. The irregular adverbial forms are leftover from an obsolete system, in the same way that many English irregular past forms are leftover from the Germanic strong verb system. In contrast, the irregular form mitai-na emerged from and competes with the regular inflection paradigm for mitai, illustrating a previously undocumented path for the diachronic emergence of irregular morphology.
Keywords: Japanese, collocation, lexical bundle, holistic processing, entrenchment, apparent time
Abstract (Japanese)
拙論では表現「みたいな」の形態における通時的変化について論じる。経時データに基づき、当該表現においては、語幹「みたい」と体言接続語尾「な」の境界が消失し、単一の複合語が形成されつつあることを示す。データ分析にあたっては相対頻度がその論拠を構成する。
さらに、相対頻度の重要性を裏付けるため、関西弁における形容詞語尾の標準語化を取り上げる。同方言では、若年層において連用語尾の標準語化が進み、方言語尾「う」よりも「く」が多用されるが、「はやい」と「よい」に限っては「う」が残り、標準語化がさほど見られない。これは「みたいな」と同様、「はよう」と「よう」の相対頻度が高いことと相関していると考えられる。これらの現象から、形態素の連鎖の相対頻度が各構成要素と比較して高くなると、形態的融合に繋がると論じる。つまり、「はよう」と「よう」における古い形態の残存は、英語動詞の不規則過去形がゲルマン語強変化の名残であるのと同様の現象であると考えられる。一方「みたいな」については、本来の活用パラダイムが崩れ、逆に一定の活用形が頻度の高まりによって単一語化する過程と見られ、この点で不規則形態が生じる過程について斬新な観点を提供するものといえる。
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Conversing under pressure: two competing theories
- 2.1The holistic processing of complex forms
- 2.2Lexical priming
- 3.An apparent-time study of changes in the morphology of the phrase mitai-na
- 3.1The phrase mitai
- 3.2Methodology
- 3.3Apparent-time results
- Rate of usage
- The ratio of mitai-na versus other na-adjectives plus -na
- 3.4What is -na?
- 4.An apparent-time study of changes in the use of onbin
- 4.1The onbin form
- 4.2Methodology
- 4.3Results
- 5.Measuring strength of association
- 6.The role of relative frequency in the formation of morphological paradigms
- 7.Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
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