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Article published In: Asia-Pacific Language Variation
Vol. 4:1 (2018) ► pp.73–102

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Diglossia and change from below in Eastern Cham

 | University of California, Berkeley
Published online: 17 September 2018
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https://doi.org/10.1075/aplv.17003.bac
Abstract
Diglossia canonically refers to language situations with unequal attitudes towards a formal ‘H’ variety, connected to writing, and a colloquial ‘L’ variety, connected to everyday speech. This paper claims that variation that arises as a marker of diglossia can become dissociated from it and persist in the L variety, if it is sufficiently orthogonal to the writing system. With a sociolinguistic survey (n = 30), this paper examines five variables that were markers of quasi-diglossia in Eastern Cham in previous decades. Three of the variables continue to be stereotypes or shibboleths of diglossia, while the other two no longer exhibit any correlation with diglossia: the spirantization of r and the labial coarticulation of ŋ. The latter were changes from below that decoupled from diglossia, because they were sufficiently opaque to Cham script.
Abstract (Vietnamese)
Song biệt ngữ, trong các tài liệu kinh viện, thường dùng để mô tả các tình huống ngôn ngữ với thái độ không bình đẳng đối với một loại ‘H’ chính thức, liên quan tới văn viết, và một loại ‘L’ hội thoại, liên quan tới khẩu ngữ hàng ngày. Chúng tôi khẳng định rằng sự biến thiên phát sinh như một chỉ tố của song biệt ngữ có thể tách biệt khỏi song biệt ngữ và tồn tại ở loại L, nếu nó có quan hệ trực giao với hệ thống chữ viết. Với một trắc nghiệm ngôn ngữ xã hội học (số = 30), chúng tôi xem xét năm biến số từng là chỉ tố biểu thị các hiện tượng gần như song biệt ngữ ở tiếng Đông Chàm trong những thập kỷ trước. Ba trong số các biến số tiếp tục là khuôn mẫu hoặc khẩu hiệu của song biệt ngữ, trong khi hai biến số không còn biểu hiện gì liên quan tới song biệt ngữ nữa: hiện tượng xát hóa của r và hiện tượng môi mạc hóa của ŋ. Loại thứ hai là những sự chuyển hóa từ phía dưới, tách rời khỏi song biệt ngữ, do những sự chuyển hóa này không đủ rõ để biểu hiện trong hệ thống chữ viết Chăm.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Eastern Cham
  • 3.Survey
    • 3.1Variable 1
    • 3.2Variable 2
    • 3.3Variable 3
    • 3.4Variable 4
      • 3.4.1Coding Variable 4
      • 3.4.2The merger of r and j
    • 3.5Variable 5
    • 3.6Summary
  • 4.Results
    • 4.1Results: Variables 1–3
    • 4.2Results: Variable 4
    • 4.3Results: Variable 5
    • 4.4Qualitative comparisons
  • 5.Cham script
  • 6.Vietnamese contact
  • 7.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
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