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In:Eye-tracking in Interaction: Studies on the role of eye gaze in dialogue
Edited by Geert Brône and Bert Oben
[Advances in Interaction Studies 10] 2018
► pp. 21–46

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Chapter 2
Eye gaze as a cue for recognizing intention and coordinating joint action

Published online: 13 November 2018
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https://doi.org/10.1075/ais.10.02ama
Abstract
People in conversation are highly sensitive to where others are looking. It has been argued that eye gaze is such a compelling social signal that following the gaze of another person is practically reflexive. Others have demonstrated that the role of gaze in interaction is more flexible. The direction of eye gaze can be informative about what a person is searching for, monitoring, orienting toward, referring to, deciding to choose, planning, or intending. But because it can signal all of these things (or none of them, as when attention is captured inadvertently by something sudden or salient), a look is often ambiguous. In this chapter, we consider the contributions of eye gaze to recognizing intentions and coordinating joint action in spatial contexts. To the extent that gazing at an object is instrumental to what the gazer is doing, a look can provide a window for an experimenter into the gazer’s cognitive processing, a cue for an interacting partner about the gazer’s intention, or a hint for a marketer about the gazer’s preference or indecision. Patterns of looks can be interpreted by people engaged in perspective taking, or by automated pattern recognizers engaged in mind-reading. Finally, eye gaze has the potential to be deployed communicatively, as when one person intends that another recognize what she is attending to and use this information to coordinate their behavior. We discuss evidence about how observers use gaze cues (whether interactively or non-interactively) in contexts where they can see the gazer’s face, as well as during remote electronic communication by way of a shared gaze system where each partner’s gaze is represented to the other by a dynamic cursor displayed over a shared screen.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Eye gaze as an interactional cue
    • 2.1Eye gaze as an output measure and an input cue in development
    • 2.2Eye gaze as an alerting cue
    • 2.3Eye gaze as a cue to intentionality
  • 3.Identifying tasks from eye movements
  • 4.How gaze fixations reveal what people prefer: Applications to predicting choices
  • 5.Decoding other people’s eye movements
  • 6.Eye gaze as a coordination signal in face-to-face communication
  • 7.Eye gaze in electronic communication
  • 8.Mind reading by machines: Eye gaze as an input signal
  • 9.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgment
  • Note
  • References
  • Author query
References (128)
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Härkki, Tellervo
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Kiose, Maria I., Anna V. Leonteva, Olga V. Agafonova & Andrey A. Petrov
2023. Multimodal Communicative Moves in Expositive Dialogue: Common and Novel Topic Elaboration. RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 14:4 ► pp. 1013 ff. DOI logo
Deppermann, Arnulf, Lorenza Mondada & Simona Pekarek Doehler
2021. Early Responses: An Introduction. Discourse Processes 58:4 ► pp. 293 ff. DOI logo
Wagemann, Johannes & Ulrich Weger
2021. Perceiving the Other Self: An Experimental First-Person Account of Nonverbal Social Interaction. The American Journal of Psychology 134:4 ► pp. 441 ff. DOI logo

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