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Processing and appreciation of literary metaphors in English as a foreign language

An eye-tracking study

ORCiD logo with link | University of Warsaw
 | University of Warsaw | University of Verona
 | University of Warsaw | University of Vienna
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Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

This article was made Open Access under a CC BY 4.0 license through payment of an APC by or on behalf of the authors.

Published online: 13 June 2024
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https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.23024.plu
Abstract
Purpose: Experimental research on the processing of literary metaphors in a foreign language (L2) is scarce, as well as research on how non-native speakers perceive the aesthetic value of such metaphors. The paper aims to gain a deeper insight into the topic.
Method: The team experiment
was conducted in 2022 at the University of Warsaw. The methodology consisted of both online (eye tracking) and offline (comprehension tests, appreciation ratings) methods. The following research questions were formulated: (a) How do we process literary metaphors in L2? (b) Is their processing cognitively demanding? (c) How well do people understand literary metaphors in a foreign language? (d) How do we evaluate their aesthetic value? The participants were Polish EFL students (English level B2 and higher) who were given an excerpt from “The Picture of Dorian Gray” by Oscar Wilde. The experimental group read the original text with metaphors, and the control group read an adapted text where metaphors were rewritten in plain language.
Results: (1) Non-native readers process metaphors significantly slower than they do non-metaphorical expressions (a three-stage model of metaphor processing in L2). (2) All eye-tracking parameters were much higher for metaphors, indicating increased cognitive load. (3) Non-native readers rate the aesthetic value of metaphors in L2 higher than they do the corresponding non-metaphorical expressions. In addition, the more aesthetically appreciated the metaphor was for the respondents, the more time they spent on its reading.
Conclusion: The processing of literary metaphors in L2 is associated with increased cognitive load and enhanced aesthetic evaluation.
Article outline
  • Introduction
  • Theoretical accounts of metaphor comprehension
  • Metaphor processing in a second language
  • Eye-tracking experiments on metaphor processing. State of the art
  • Experimental design
    • Participants
    • Materials
    • Experimental settings
    • Apparatus
    • Procedure
  • Data analysis
  • Analysis by items. Eye-tracking data
    • Dwell time
    • Fixation count
    • Fixation time
    • Revisits
  • Analysis by items. Comprehension test
  • Analysis by items. Appreciation test
  • Analysis by items. Correlations
  • Analysis by subjects. Eye-tracking data
    • Dwell time
    • Fixation count
    • Fixation time
    • Revisits
  • Analysis by subjects. Comprehension test
  • Analysis by subjects. Appreciation test
  • Analysis by subjects. Correlations
  • Discussion
  • Conclusions
  • Disclosure statement
  • Data availability statement
  • Notes
  • References
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2025. Effects of graphic organizers on aesthetic reading experience. Frontiers in Language Sciences 4 DOI logo

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