Article published In: Multilingualism and Mobility in the Twenty-First Century: New Trajectories and Possibilities in Migration Linguistics
Edited by Ariane Macalinga Borlongan and Lisa Lim
[AILA Review 37:1] 2024
► pp. 137–155
Approach
Chinglish as border languaging
Published online: 6 June 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.23012.du
https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.23012.du
Abstract
In an era where migration across borders is increasingly the norm, how are our understandings of language and the
ways we talk about language being reimagined along the way? This article examines this question by attending to the shifting
metadiscourses of “Chinglish,” a colloquialism referring to Chinese-English hybridizations. Chinglish, originally used to describe
an incompetent interlanguage, has come to be invoked as a means of establishing “China English” as a legitimate world English
variety, or more recently even as an innovative form of translingual practice. This article presents Chinglish as a form of
“border languaging,” which enables us to take stock of the shifting meanings of Chinglish in relation to the linguistic “border”
between English and Chinese upon which such metadiscursive framings hinge, and how the shifting orientations to such linguistic
borders invite new ways of conceptualizing Chinglish and historically marginalized language practices more generally.
Keywords: migration linguistics, Chinglish, Chinese, English, borders, translingualism
Article outline
- Introduction
- Chinglish as border languaging
- Chinglish, Chinese English, and the metadiscourses of incompetence
- China English and the metadiscourses of legitimacy
- Chinglish as translingual practice
- Conclusion
- Note
References
References (56)
Bamgbose, A. (1998). Torn
between the norms: Innovations in world Englishes. World
Englishes, 17(1), 1–14.
Bauman, R., & Briggs, C. L. (2003). Voices
of modernity: Language ideologies and the politics of
inequality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bolton, K. (2002). Chinese
Englishes: from Canton jargon to global English. World
Englishes, 21(2), 181–199.
Borlongan, A. M. (2023). Migration
linguistics: A synopsis. AILA
Review, 36(1), 38–63.
Canagarajah, S. (2013). Translingual
practice: Global Englishes and cosmopolitan relations. New York: Routledge.
(2018). Translingual
practice as spatial repertoires: Expanding the paradigm beyond structuralist
orientations. Applied
Linguistics, 39(1), 31–54.
Cui, X. (2006). An
understanding of “China English” and the learning and use of the English language in
China. English
Today, 22(4), 40–43.
Deterding, D. (2006). The
pronunciation of English by speakers from China. English
World-Wide, 27(2), 175–198.
Du, Q., Lee, J. W., & Sok, S. (2020). Using
China English, creating translingual space. World
Englishes, 39(2), 275–285.
Eaves, M. (2011). English,
Chinglish or China English? Analysing Chinglish, Chinese English and China English. English
Today, 27(4), 64–70.
Fang, F. (2008). People
mountain, people sea: A study of four Chinese English idioms on the web. English
Today, 24(4), 46–50.
Flores, N., & Rosa, J. (2015). Undoing
appropriateness: Raciolinguistic ideologies and language diversity in education. Harvard
Educational
Review, 85(2), 149–171.
He, D., & Li, D. C. (2009). Language
attitudes and linguistic features in the “China English” debate. World
Englishes, 28(1), 70–89.
He, D., & Zhang, Q. (2010). Native
speaker norms and China English: From the perspective of learners and teachers in China. TESOL
Quarterly, 44(4), 769–789.
Heng Hartse, J. (2014). Chinglish
triumphant? The unusual case of “long time no see”. Asian
Englishes, 16(1), 62–66.
Henry, E. S. (2010). Interpretations
of “Chinglish”: Native speakers, language learners and the enregisterment of a stigmatized
code. Language in
Society, 39(5), 669–688.
Holliday, A. (2005). The
struggle to teach English as an international
language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jørgensen, J. N. (2008). Polylingual
languaging around and among children and adolescents. International Journal of
Multilingualism, 5(3), 161–176.
Kachru, B. B. (1976). Models
of English for the third world: White man’s linguistic burden or language pragmatics? TESOL
Quarterly, 10(2), 221–239.
(1985). Standards,
codification, and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer
circle. In R. Quirk and H. G. Widdowson (Eds.), English
in the world: Teaching and learning the language and
literatures (pp. 11–30). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kirkpatrick, A., & Xu, Z. (2002). Chinese
pragmatic norms and “China English”. World
Englishes, 21(2), 269–279.
Lee, J. W., & Canagarajah, S. (2021). Translingualism
and World Englishes. In B. Schneider & T. Heyd (Eds.), Bloomsbury
World Englishes volume 1:
Paradigms (pp. 99–112). London: Bloomsbury.
Li, S., & Sewell, A. (2012). Phonological
features of China English. Asian
Englishes, 15(2), 80–101.
Li, W. (2016). New
Chinglish and the post-multilingualism challenge: Translanguaging ELF in China. Journal of
English as a Lingua
Franca, 5(1), 1–25.
Makoni, S., & Pennycook, A. (2005). Disinventing
and (re) constituting languages. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies: An International
Journal, 2(3), 137–156.
Mezzadra, S., & Neilson, B. (2013). Border
as method, or, the multiplication of labor. Durham: Duke University Press.
Pinkham, J. (2000). The
translator’s guide to Chinglish. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Qiong, H. X. (2004). Why
China English should stand alongside British, American, and the other “World
Englishes”. English
Today, 20(2), 26–33.
Radtke, O. (2012). More
than errors and embarrassment: New approaches to Chinglish. In J. Liu & H. Tao (Eds.), Chinese
under globalization: Emerging trends in language use in
China (pp. 145–170). Singapore: World Scientific.
Schneider, E. W. (2007). Postcolonial
English: Varieties around the
world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sugiharto, S. (2015). The
multilingual turn in Applied Linguistics? A perspective from the periphery. International
Journal of Applied
Linguistics, 25(3), 414–421.
Vertovec, S. (2007). Super-diversity
and its implications. Ethnic and racial
studies, 30(6), 1024–1054.
Wang, W. (2015). Teaching
English as an international language in China: Investigating university teachers’ and students’ attitudes towards China
English. System, 531, 60–72.
Xu, Z. (2017). Researching
Chinese English: A meta-analysis of Chinese scholarship on Chinese English
research. In Z. Xu, D. He, & D. Deterding (Eds.), Researching
Chinese English: The state of the
art (pp. 235–266). Cham: Springer.
Xu, Z., & Deterding, D. (2017). The
playfulness of “new” Chinglish. Asian
Englishes, 19(2), 116–127.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
