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Article published In: AILA Review
Vol. 36:2 (2023) ► pp.269–298

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Two millennia of language policies in China

Retrospect and prospect

 | Chengdu Normal University
 | Chengdu Normal University
Published online: 15 February 2024
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https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.00056.zen
Abstract
This scholarly investigation delves into the metamorphosis of China’s language policies across three distinct epochs spanning over two millennia, tracing from ancient China to contemporary times. Employing a sociolinguistic lens, the analysis elucidates the historical trajectories of these policies, accentuating their theoretical and pragmatic implications, particularly in the realms of linguistic strategies for ethnic minorities and the overarching national language. The derived conclusions highlight a nuanced amalgamation of subjectivity and diversity within these policies, encompassing both the elevation of Mandarin and the preservation of minority languages. By deciphering historical patterns, this study aspires to furnish insights that could inform prospective orientations in China’s linguistic policy formulation, set against the evolving backdrop of global interconnectedness, the Belt and Road Initiative, and the nation’s overarching developmental objectives.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Literature review
  • 3.A retrospect of China’s language policies
    • 3.1Ancient China (1600 BC–1840 AD)
    • 3.2Modern China (1840–1949)
      • 3.2.1Simplification of the written language
      • 3.2.2Hanyu Pinyinization exploration
      • 3.2.3Unification of the national language
      • 3.2.4Popularization of the vernacular language
      • 3.2.5Foreign language education policy
    • 3.3New China (1949-present)
      • 3.3.1“Subjectivity with diversity” language policy (1949–1979)
        • 3.3.1.1Unified language policy: Standardization of common languages and scripts
        • 3.3.1.2Pinyin program development
        • 3.3.1.3Script simplification
        • 3.3.1.4Diverse language policy: Minority language development
        • 3.3.1.5Foreign language education policy
      • 3.3.2Language normalization and standardization (1978–2000)
        • 3.3.2.1Integrated legislation
        • 3.3.2.2Ethnic minority language policy
      • 3.3.3Promulgation and implementation of language laws (2000-now)
        • 3.3.3.1Language subjectification policy
        • 3.3.3.2Language diversity policy
        • 3.3.3.3Foreign language education policy
  • 4.Prospects for China’s language policy
    • 4.1Language unity and internationalization
    • 4.2Language diversity and subjectivity
    • 4.3Foreign language policy
  • 5.Conclusion
  • Declaration of conflict of interest
  • References
References (42)
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