Subject index

doi:10.1075/aic.14.si

In:Multimodal Argumentation and Rhetoric in Media Genres
Edited by Assimakis Tseronis and Charles Forceville
[Argumentation in Context 14] 2017
► pp. 295–301

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Subject index

Published online: 20 December 2017

https://doi.org/10.1075/aic.14.si

A

abduction see reasoning processes

acceptability see ARS criteria

advertisements / advertising 7, 10, 12, 27, 33–36, 38, 43, 53, 191
- Corsica ad33
- Crédit Agricole ad 35–36
- Daisy-ad221
- fear ads 221, 224n
- movie trailers 14, 190–194, 211
- newsads220
- political 14, 220–221, 228
- TV 17, 88

aesthetic dimension / function (of images) 14, 32, 62, 170, 193, 218, 222

allusion 83, 94–96, 106
- argument by103 see also analogy
- to fables and fairy tales 95, 143
- to Pinocchio 93, 95–96, 102, 106 ; see also editorial cartoons
- analogy 33, 83, 124, 145–147, 151, 153, 174 ; see also comparison; disanalogy
- argument by/ from 13, 92–93, 112, 114, 122–123
- locus from199

antithesis 10, 14, 42, 167–168, 173–174, 176–177, 180–182, 184 see also contrast; figures
- between sequences 172–174
- between shots 175–177
- within the shot 177–181
- visual179
- visual vs multimodal 168, 180

appeal to fear 221, 228, 232

appeal to pity 28–29
- Phryne, story of 29–31

appearance, argument from 13, 112, 125–126

argument 9, 119 see also visual argument
- and arguing (broad/ narrow sense) 82–83, 98
- and argumentation 3, 113n
- as a cognitive category 6, 139
- as interaction 3, 55, 57, 219, 241 ; see also argumentation
- as reasons in support of a claim/standpoint 3, 9, 82, 140, 147, 184
- as speech act84 see also argumentation
- process/product/procedure distinction 3, 5–6, 75, 165–166, 219

argument assessment see evaluation

argument diagrams see visualization of argumentation

argument of moral unbearability70

argument / argumentation scheme(s) 11, 13, 70–71, 92–93, 102–103, 112–115, 199, 210, 235, 255 see also critical questions; locus; topos
- adapted for visual reasoning 122–126, 132–133
- as tools for evaluation 92, 113–115

argumentation 3, 5, 54, 139–140, 192, 219, 245–246 see also multimodal argumentation
- and persuasion 26, 32, 43
- and rhetoric54 see also rhetorical perspective
- arguing as justifying and as positioning oneself241
- embodied dimension of 241–242
- indicators/ markers of 10, 83–84
- studies (perspective) 2–3, 41, 82, 166, 190, 218, 222

argumentation by example73

argumentation from consequence 34, 114, 221

argumentation structure 9, 70, 85–86, 113, 123, 125, 192, 198 see also reconstruction
- and turn-taking 240, 249 ; see also segmentation

argumentative function / relevance (of visuals) 9–10, 16–17, 169–170, 184, 197, 208 see also rhetorical effect(s)
- direct vs indirect 169, 184

argumentative meaning 13, 83, 139–141 ; see also interpretation

argumentative move(s) 14, 138n, 246, 249, 251

argumentative reconstruction see reconstruction

argumentative situation 84–85, 169–170, 241n ; see also context; rhetorical situation

Argumentum Model of Topics (AMT) 199–200, 209

ARS criteria see also evaluation
- acceptability 91–92, 113–114
- relevance 124, 219
- sufficiency 219, 227, 233–234

art (history) 1, 61n

ART approach to argument 13, 82–85, 91–93

artificial intelligence5

assertion 4, 83, 139 see also content
- attribution of commitments 8, 11, 17

audience 4, 8, 10, 12, 17, 56, 59, 91, 107, 169, 171, 174, 181, 193, 219–221, 236, 251
- adherence of 27–28, 31, 55
- communion with 27, 31
- research see empirical research
- rhetorical57
- third-party243

Australopithecus africanus 116, 121
- illustrations of 117–118

authority
- appeal to (argument from expert opinion)114
- locus from199

B

body posture 7, 14–15, 17, 61, 179, 230, 241, 246, 278–279, 281–282 ; see also gestures; semiotic resources

C

camera movement 184, 197, 204–205, 208, 225 see also cinematography
- close-up 176, 179, 181, 193, 231
- reframing 178, 180
- zoom (in/out) 176, 179, 180, 181, 204, 205

cartoon(s) see editorial cartoons

charisma 15, 264, 267, 286
- Authoritarian-Threatening 270, 280, 285
- Benevolent-Authoritarian280
- Calm-Benevolent 270, 285
- Proactive-Attractive 270, 280, 283–284
- external features of269
- internal features of 268–269
- seeds of 270–271, 278, 281–285

charismatic leader 268, 273, 277
- Bossi, Umberto 269–270
- Gandhi, Mahatma269
- Mussolini, Benito 15, 264, 271, 281, 285
- Obama, Barack 269, 277

cinéma vérité style 225–226 ; see also Direct Cinema

cinematography 13–14, 168, 170, 225, 230–231 see also camera movement
- frame 225–226
- off-screen 179, 226, 231

claim 96–97, 169, 173, 176, 180, 233 see also conclusion; premise(s); standpoint
- implicit 92, 192, 232

classification
- argument for classification from comparison of diagnostic features 125–126, 131
- argument from verbal classification 249, 253–254

close-up see camera movement

cognitive perspectives 14, 16, 42, 142, 148, 165–167, 185, 253n
- linguistics 1, 108, 166
- psychology 3, 5
- semiotics 13, 139
- socio-cognitive model of mind 15, 266–267

communicative act(s) see speech act(s)

comparison 89–90, 114, 122, 124, 131, 156–157, 174 see also analogy
- contrastive/ contrastivist 112, 123
- negative 157, 168, 179 ; see also disanalogy

conclusion 9, 82, 85, 88, 105, 113, 199 ; see also claim; premise(s); standpoint

content see also assertion; interpretation; reconstruction
- (non-)propositional 4, 6–7, 8, 138
- verbal 8, 178
- visual 10, 133
- verbalisation of visual 8–9, 88, 139, 185, 197, 203n, 208, 218, 235

context 7–8, 57–58, 83, 140–141, 159, 192–193, 219, 242, 254–255 ; see also argumentative situation; rhetorical situation

contradiction 140, 147, 145, 151–152, 153–154, 167, 173 ; see also incongruity

contrast 10, 123, 140, 148, 153, 158, 167–168, 172, 174–175, 181, 183, 231 ; see also antithesis

Conversation Analysis 15, 240, 244, 246

critical questions 11, 13, 92–93, 103, 114, 125–126, 132 see also argument scheme(s); evaluation
- answers to 128–130

critical theory5

cross-cutting see editing

cultural studies3

cutaway see editing

D

debate
- about immigrants in Sweden 228–229, 235
- archaeological 13, 112, 115
- Islam 150–152
- political 90–91, 265
- public 15, 242–243, 249

deduction see reasoning processes

defeasibility see reasoning processes

dialectical perspective 3–4, 5, 75, 219 see also Pragma-Dialectics
- dialectical tier11

difference of opinion 10, 82–83, 192, 241, 243 see also argumentative situation
- single non-mixed192

Direct Cinema 14, 166, 170–171 ; see also cinéma vérité style

disagreement see difference of opinion

disanalogy (argument by) 123, 146–147, 151–153, 231 ; see also analogy

discourse world see narration

documentary (film) 13, 166, 169–171, 184–185, 224
- and editing175
- documentary modes170
- TV and news documentaries 190, 224

domain
- auxiliary 143, 145, 150–151, 153, 155, 160
- conceptual 142–143, 151
- mono-domain (cartoons) 143–144, 147, 158, 160
- multi-domain (cartoons) 143, 145, 154, 160
- source 152–153
- topic142

E

editing 13–14, 168, 170, 184, 191, 226, 231, 233
- continuity vs evidentiary175
- cross-cutting 175, 182
- cutaway 175–176, 183
- match-on-action175
- scene – shot – sequence 14, 168, 182, 191, 201–203, 226

editorial cartoons 2, 7, 12–13, 53, 81–84, 92, 106–107, 138, 141–142, 145, 153, 159
- see also under domain
- Clement, Tony (as Pinocchio) 94–95
- Clinton, Hillary (as Pinocchio)100
- Conway, Kellyanne (as Pinocchio)94
- Harper, Stephen (as Pinocchio) 95–96
- Iwo Jima inspired 154–157
- Johnson, Lyndon (as Pinocchio)105
- Mcguinty, Dalton (as Pinocchio)105
- Muhammad81
- Nixon, Richard (as Pinocchio) 103–104
- Obama, Barack (as Pinocchio)105
- Obama, Barack (in cartoon)149
- Pinocchio 19, 93, 98–103
- Putin, Vladimir (as Pinocchio) 96–98
- Wilders, Geert (in cartoon) 150–151

Xi Jinping (as Pinocchio) 100–101

effectiveness see rhetorical effect(s)

embodiment see body posture

emotion(s) 11, 32, 62, 220, 272, 277, 284 see also pathos
- emotional appeal55

empirical research
- audience/ reception 12, 17, 58, 75–76, 236
- corpus analysis 17, 108, 211

enthymeme 86, 192–194, 196
- and abduction 195–196
- endoxical 199–200, 210
- enthymematic argument 14, 191
- enthymematic interpretation 190, 194, 198
- enthymematic reasoning 194–196
- multimodal 14, 193, 210
- procedural 199–200

ethos 55, 91, 106, 219, 249, 263, 268
- multimodal 254–255

European migrant crisis 12, 63–64
- discussions in the media 71–73
- in the social media 73–74
- media coverage of 67–71

evaluation (of argumentation) 10–11, 13, 17, 75–76, 91, 102, 112–113, 148 see also ARS criteria; critical questions; fallacies
- visual criteria for132

event schemes (scenarios) 148, 151, 154

eventuality (event representation) 197, 204–206

expertise see authority

F

facial expression(s) 15, 17, 60, 267, 278–280, 282

fallacies / fallaciousness 11, 91, 102, 106, 199n see also evaluation
- ad hominem 93, 102–103, 106, 252, 255
- false dilemma235
- of composition 199n
- red herring130

fear appeal(s) see appeal to fear

feminist studies3

fiction and documentary films (titles)
- Black Is, Black Ain’t (Riggs)169
- Children at School (Wright)169
- Gravity (Cuarón) 201–202
- High School (Wiseman)173
- Hospital (Wiseman) 173, 179, 181
- Juvenile Court (Wiseman) 174, 176, 180
- Married Couple, A (King)169
- Primate (Wiseman) 173–174, 176
- Titicut Follies (Wiseman) 173, 175, 178
- Zoo (Wiseman) 182–183

figures 10, 12, 26–38, 166, 185, 267, 273
- argumentative role of 26–27, 34, 169–170
- argumentative vs ornamental role of 27–28, 32
- as a mode of thought 41, 166–167
- Groupe μ’s taxonomy39
- persuasive role of 28, 32–33
- persuasive and argumentative role of 36–37, 44
- verbal and visual 12, 37–38 ; see also transpositionists
- visual 33, 36, 39, 43
- antonomasia38
- chiasmus10
- hyperbole109
- irony 166, 265
- metalepsis36
- prolepsis 36–37
- rhythm32
- syllepsis36
- synecdoche62

figures of presence 27–30
- ekphrasis 28
- energeia 28, 30, 31
- hypotyposis 27–28, 30

film dialogue see sound

film form and style 14, 223, 227, 232–235

film frame see cinematography

film studies 1, 222

fly-on-the wall (documentary) see Direct Cinema

framing 12, 57, 106, 119, 225 ; see also interpretation

front cover / page 67–70, 88, 157

G

Gaza War 88–90

gaze (direction) 10, 14–15, 246n, 249–251, 253, 255, 267 see also gestures, semiotic resources
- sub-parameters of267

genre 7–8, 12, 17, 224 see also rhetorical genres
- attribution 7, 205
- Direct Cinema documentary 170, 184
- editorial cartoons 82, 138, 140
- movie trailers as prior epitext 191–192
- political advertising220
- press photography 52–53
- public debate 242–243

gestures 7, 10, 14–15, 17, 240, 267, 276, 279–280, 284 see also body posture; semiotic resources
- and metaphors253n
- as cues for speech segmentation 240, 246
- claiming the floor 15, 247, 249
- hand raising249
- in political communication265
- metaphoric grasping 15, 252–254
- of precision (the ring) 265, 282–283
- pointing 15, 246, 250–251
- sub-parameters of 265, 267, 278

H

hypothesis-construction see inferences

I

image(s) 3–4, 39, 64, 143 see also photographs; semiotic resources
- diagrams11
- drawings 92, 116–117, 266
- figures11
- function of 26–27, 31, 62, 70–71, 73, 106, 119
- iconic 53, 64, 73, 143, 154
- moving 9, 166, 189, 197, 217
- paintings 29–30, 35–36, 61n, 92
- static9

incongruity (perspective by) 139–141, 147, 149, 151, 154, 156, 159 ; see also contradiction

induction see reasoning processes

inferences 57, 85–86, 88, 91, 98, 113–114
- inference process 3, 14, 148, 166, 190–191, 195–198, 201, 205–206, 211
- inferential rule (maxim) 199–200
- relationship between claim/standpoint and reason/argument 84, 138, 140, 149n, 191, 220 ; see also argument scheme(s)

informal logic 5, 12, 43, 54, 82, 91–92, 130, 219

Interactional Linguistics 15, 17, 240, 245–246

interpretation 8–9, 12–13, 86, 140, 146, 152, 185, 193–194, 203–206, 222, 240, 254 see also argumentative meaning; content; reconstruction
- dynamic process of 196–197
- erase test 145, 148, 150, 158
- interpretative equilibrium 146–148, 153, 156, 160

intersemiotic relationships 4, 9, 16, 42, 168, 171, 182, 189–190 see also multimodal texts
- audio-visual 7, 14, 177, 191–194, 217n, 218
- gestures, prosody and facial expressions280
- image-text relations 16–17, 40, 42
- multimodal Gestalts242
- speech and gaze direction 241, 251
- speech and gesture 241–242, 251, 253, 265
- words and images 41, 59, 72, 76, 180

intonation 15, 193, 278 see also prosody
- falling 245, 249, 265
- rising 249, 284

J

joint argument see multimodal argumentation

K

KC tables (Key Components) see visualization of argumentation

L

language 6–8, 38–39, 139
- creative use of 271–274
- language-oriented approach to argumentation 15, 54, 241
- primacy of verbal 16, 39, 41–42, 167
- sign7
- spoken see sound
- written 5, 193n, 206

linguistics 1, 16, 38
- and poetics39

locus / loci see also argument scheme(s); topos
- from (efficient) cause 199, 210
- from genus to species199
- from parts to whole 199–200

logic of film discourse interpretation 196–198

logical perspective 3–4, 5, 75, 106, 219 ; see also informal logic

logos 55, 91, 219, 263, 268

M

magazine cover see front cover

magazines and newspapers (titles)
- Charlie Hebdo 81
- China Digital Times 100
- Daily Mail 64
- Daily Mail (MailOnline) 72
- Daily Mirror 67
- Der Strümer 109
- Express Online 72
- Guardian 68
- Independent 69
- Jyllands-Posten 81
- Metro (free press)68
- National 70
- New Yorker 157
- Sun 67
- Telegraph 73

match-on-action see editing

meaning-making process see inferences; interpretation

media 1, 16, 59
- genres 12, 184, 192
- social (Twitter) 73–74, 208n
- studies 1, 16
- YouTube 17, 228

metaphor 1, 6, 10, 39, 166, 168, 273, 284
- and metonymy 39, 167
- visual 39, 41, 94, 143, 145

metonymy 10, 12, 33–34, 36–37, 39, 44, 83, 273 ; see also figures

mise-en-scène 14, 168, 224, 229–230

mode see semiotic resources

movie trailers see advertisements

multimodal analysis (of communication/ discourse/ interaction) 3–5, 9, 15–16, 165, 191, 196, 211, 241, 265

multimodal argumentation 5–6, 45, 57, 76, 106–107, 170–171, 190, 193n, 217–218 see also visual argument; visual rhetoric
- definition of5
- evaluation of 10–11
- interpretation of 9–10, 17
- joint argument35
- reconstruction of 8–9
- vs monomodal 5–6

multimodal rhetoric 5–6, 41, 264, 286 ; see also visual rhetoric

multimodal texts / artefacts 2, 7, 13, 16, 18, 41, 57, 76, 191, 218 see also advertisements; editorial cartoons; intersemiotic relationships
- antiwar posters42
- (documentary) film 2, 167–168, 170
- monuments and memorials 88, 266
- movie trailers 193–194, 203–207
- political posters27

multimodality see intersemiotic relationships; multimodal analysis

N

narration / narrative 191, 197–198, 203, 206, 232
- diegetic vs non-diegetic 203, 206–208, 223
- and mise-en-scène 229
- and music 227, 232
- implied author152
- narrative system223
- off-screen narrator228
- plot223
- story 201, 203, 223

normative perspective 3, 5, 113–114
- compared to descriptive 3, 5
- normative (non) revisionism11 see also evaluation

P

parallelism 167–168, 172–173, 175, 179, 182, 184
- visual117n

pathos 32, 55, 91, 219, 224, 263, 268, 272, 284 ; see also emotion(s)

persuasion / persuasiveness 12, 26, 37, 43, 91, 102, 170, 190, 219–220, 263, 265, 267 see also rhetorical effect(s)
- and argumentation 26, 32, 36, 43
- and figures 28–30, 33
- and images 42, 45, 114–115, 119
- and rhetoric 54–55

photographs / photography 1–2, 52, 63, 74, 76, 84 see also image(s)
- 9/11 photographs63
- Iwo Jima (photo) 63, 143, 154
- Judge, Mychal (photo of)61
- Kurdi, Aylan (photo of) 64, 70–71, 73–74
- press photography 12, 52–53, 67, 70, 73, 76

plot see narration

pointing gestures see gestures

political cartoon(s) see editorial cartoons

position see claim; conclusion; standpoint

postmodernism3

Pragma-Dialectics 5, 13, 70, 82–84, 91, 192, 198, 240n
- argumentative patterns210
- starting points10
- strategic maneuvering 37, 108

pragmatic perspective 14, 16, 194 see also speech act(s)
- relevance theory6
- maxim of relevance140

premise(s) 9, 52, 70, 82–83, 91, 113–114, 199, 221 see also claim; conclusion; standpoint
- endoxical 193–194, 199–200, 210
- endoxon 192–193
- factual (datum) 199–200, 209, 211
- implicit 14, 86, 103, 192–194
- procedural 194, 199–200

propaganda 27, 73 ; see also persuasion

propositions see assertion; content

prosody 15, 249n, 253, 278–280, 282 ; see also intonation

public see audience

R

reasoning processes 3, 11, 194 see also inferences
- abduction, abductive 191, 195–196
- deduction, deductive 91, 195
- defeasible 54n, 132, 194–195
- enthymematic see enthymeme
- induction, inductive 91, 195
- presumptive54n

reconstruction (of argumentation) 8–10, 13, 85–86, 147, 149n, 159, 169, 194, 198–201, 208, 218, 233–234, 240n see also content; interpretation; visualization
- analytical problems 112–115
- transformations 198, 208n

relevance see ARS criteria

rhetorical effect(s) 2, 4, 9–10, 16–17, 28, 31, 37, 76, 91, 106, 183, 193, 199n, 218, 242, 267 see also argumentative function; persuasion
- effectiveness and reasonableness37

rhetorical figures see figures

rhetorical genres
- deliberative 55–56, 62, 70
- epideictic 56, 62
- forensic 55, 62

rhetorical perspective 3–5, 12–14, 32, 54–56, 91, 115, 219–220, 267
- rhetoric and argumentation 25, 27–28, 32, 36, 54–55 ; see also persuasion
- rhetorical analysis 4, 172
- rhetorical argumentation 54–55, 219
- rhetorical criticism58

rhetorical qualities (of images) 10, 31, 218 see also rhetorical effect(s)
- condensation 10, 193
- evidence (evidentia)31n
- expansion and compression107
- presence (enargeia) 28, 31, 218 ; see also figures of presence
- thickness 193, 218
- urgency 55, 57, 227

rhetorical situation 6, 12, 54, 57–59, 76, 222 see also argumentative situation; context
- elements of 57, 59, 61 ; see also audience

S

scenarios see event schemes

scene - shot – sequence see editing

science / scientific communication 7, 11
- images in 113, 115

segmentation (of speech) 15, 239–240, 254
- by the analyst see reconstruction
- by the interactants 244, 249
- film segmentation222

semantics 8, 14, 148, 167
- formal discourse semantics196
- semantic analysis 206, 267, 281
- semantic content 197, 201, 206 ; see also eventuality

semiology see semiotics

semiotic artefacts see multimodal texts

semiotic resources 1–3, 5, 7, 13, 16, 18, 193, 206 see also body posture; gaze; gestures; image(s); sound
- affordances 9, 11, 17, 218
- audio mode 7, 175, 197, 203, 206
- combination of see intersemiotic relationships
- definition of 4–5
- layout 10, 16, 191, 193n
- music 2, 17, 170, 203, 208, 227, 232
- non-verbal modes 1, 6, 8, 11, 218
- typography 16, 193n
- verbal mode 6, 8, 167, 170, 239–240
- visual composition 10, 60–61, 178, 193–194, 224
- visual mode 5, 7, 16, 168

semiotics 1, 3, 38, 195
- social108

simile see metaphor

situational perspective see rhetorical situation

sound 1, 14, 16–17, 175, 181, 197, 226–227, 231–232 see also semiotic resources
- diegetic vs non-diegetic 203, 227, 231
- effects170
- film dialogue 170, 175, 178–179, 203
- voice quality 15, 193n, 269–270, 284, 285
- voice-over 170, 176, 184, 191, 211, 228
- voice-track 168, 197, 203

speech act(s) (account) 83–84, 97, 245, 274–278
- visual/ pictorial 53, 83

speech segmentation see segmentation

standardizing (an argument) see reconstruction

standpoint 9, 83–84, 113 see also claim; conclusion; premise(s)
- evaluative 172, 182, 192, 208
- inciting 70, 189

story see narration

sufficiency see ARS criteria

syllogism see enthymeme

Systemic Functional Grammar1

T

talk-in-interaction 14, 241, 244
- embodied dimension of246
- multimodal analysis of 241–242
- multi-party (polylogue)243

terrorist attacks 9/11 12, 58–59, 62, 154

topos / topoi 26, 29, 54, 70, 74, 199 ; see also argument scheme(s); locus

transpositionists and antitranspositionists (debate) 38–41

tropes see figures

turn-taking (machinery)244
- multi-unit turn (MUT) 244, 246
- transition-relevance place (TRP) 244–246, 249, 253–254
- turn-constructional unit (TCU) 244–246, 249, 254

types of argument see argument scheme(s)

V

Vietnam War 53n, 70, 105

viewer(s) see audience

visual argument 4–5, 36, 40–41, 43, 54, 83–84, 115, 119, 138 see also multimodal argumentation
- criticisms of 6, 8, 10–11, 12–13, 41, 43, 83, 132–133
- taxonomies of 9, 42
- visual flag 42, 107, 178n
- visual pun 33, 36
- visual refutation/ counter-argumentation 70–73, 94, 97, 169
- vs verbal argument 6, 8, 40

visual rhetoric 2–3, 5, 54 see also multimodal rhetoric
- and figures40
- and verbal rhetoric see transpositionists
- and visual argumentation 4, 25–26, 30, 33
- pioneers of 37–40

visual (communication) studies 1, 16

visualization of argumentation 8, 17 see also reconstruction
- argument diagrams 13, 85–86, 91
- KC tables 13, 85–86, 91
- Y-shaped diagram 200, 209

visuals see image(s)

voice see sound

Z

zoom (in/out) see camera movement