In:Lifespan Acquisition and Language Change: Historical sociolinguistic perspectives
Edited by Israel Sanz-Sánchez
[Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics 14] 2024
► pp. 64–83
Chapter 3The second language acquisition of variation in adulthood and
language change
Published online: 4 April 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/ahs.14.03gee
https://doi.org/10.1075/ahs.14.03gee
Abstract
Research on the second language acquisition of
sociolinguistic variation is grounded in an understanding of
sociohistorical linguistics. The patterns attested in language
change provide a foundation for understanding the language of second
language learners. This chapter provides an overview of research on
adult L2 sociolinguistics and shines a light on studies that
demonstrate how linguists might bridge the gap between the fields of
historical linguistics and second language acquisition (e.g., Giacalone Ramat (1995) for
L2 Italian, Donaldson
(2017) for L2 French and Geeslin (2002) for L2 Spanish). Moving from
studies that explicitly explore this connection, the chapter
identifies other findings in L2 research that bridge this gap, and
offers suggestions for future inquiry at the intersection of these
two fields.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction: Sociolinguistics in adult second language
- 2.Trends in research on adult second language variation
- 3.Connections between SLA language variation and language change
- 4.SLA and the historical sociolinguistics of language change: Challenges and opportunities
- 5.Conclusion
Notes References
References (74)
Adamson, Douglas & Vera Regan. 1991. The
acquisition of community speech norms by Asian immigrants
learning English as a second language: A preliminary
study. Studies in Second
Language
Acquisition 13. 1–22.
. 1981. The
loss of negative particle ne in French: A
syntactic change in
progress. Language 57(3). 674–687.
Auer, Anita, Catharina Peersman, Simon Pickl, Gijsbert Rutten & Rik Vosters. 2015. Historical
sociolinguistics: the field and its
future. Journal of Historical
Sociolinguistics 1(1). 1–12.
Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen. 2000. Tense
and aspect in second language acquisition: Form, meaning,
and
use. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Berdan, Robert. 1996. Disentangling
language acquisition from language
variation. In Robert Bayley & Dennis R. Preston (eds.), Second
language acquisition and linguistic
variation, 203–244. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins & William Pagliuca. 1994. The
evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the
languages of the
world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Caetano, Ana Carolina Alves & Silvia Rodrigues Vieira. 2021. Análise
variacionista da ordem dos clíticos pronominais no português
de Moçambique. Revista
Diadorim 23. 171–202.
Canagarajah, Suresh. 2011. Translanguaging
in the classroom: Emerging issues for research and
pedagogy. Applied Linguistics
Review 2. 1–28.
Cazden, Courtney B., Herlinda Cancino, Ellen Rosansky & John Schumann. 1975. Second
language acquisition sequences in children, adolescents and
adults. Final
Report. National Institute of Education.
Cedergren, Henrietta J. & David Sankoff. 1974. Variable
rules: Performance as a statistical reflection of
competence. Language 50(2). 333–355.
Clements, J. Clancy. 2009. The
linguistic legacy of Spanish and Portuguese: Colonial
expansion and language
change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 2018. Speech
communities, language varieties, and typology: What does
acquisition have to do with
it? Journal of Pidgin and
Creole
Languages 33(2). 413–414.
Creese, Angela & Adrian Blackledge. 2010. Translanguaging
in the bilingual classroom: A pedagogy for learning and
teaching? The Modern Language
Journal 94(1). 103–115.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc, Thomas Bak & Lourdes Ortega. 2022. Why
the mythical “native speaker” has mud on its
face. In Nikolay Slavkov, Sílvia Melo-Pfeifer & Nadja Kerschhofer-Puhalo (eds.), The
changing face of the “native speaker”: Perspectives from
multilingualism and
globalization, 23–43. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Donaldson, Bryan. 2017. Negation
in near-native French: Variation and sociolinguistic
competence. Language
Learning 67. 141–170.
. 2022. Connecting
language change with second language
acquisition. In Kimberly Geeslin (ed.), The
Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and
sociolinguistics, 174–185. New York: Routledge.
Dörnyei, Zoltán. 2005. The
psychology of the language learner: Individual differences
in second language
acquisition. New York: Routledge.
Evans-Sago, Travis. 2018. A
case study of three Chinese-Spanish varieties: Tense-aspect
morphology in instructed and non-instructed language
use. Journal of Ibero-Romance
Creoles 8. 4–37.
Fafulas, Stephen (ed.). 2020. Amazonian
Spanish: Language contact and
evolution. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2021. Variation
of the simple present and present progressive: Peruvian
Spanish, ‘Pear Story,’ and language contact, oh
my!. In Manuel Díaz-Campos (ed.), The
Routledge handbook of variationist approaches to
Spanish, 328–344. New York: Routledge.
Fafulas, Stephen & Miguel Rodríguez-Mondoñedo. Forthcoming. Spanish
in contact with Peruvian Amazonian
languages. To appear
in Leonardo Cerno, Hans-Jörg Döhla, Miguel Gutiérrez Maté, Robert Hesselbach & Joachim Steffen (eds.), Handbook
of contact varieties of Spanish and Spanish-lexified contact
varieties. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Falk, Johan. 1979. Ser
y estar con atributos adjetivales: Anotaciones sobre el
empleo de la cópula en catalán y en
castellano. Uppsala: Uppsala University PhD dissertation.
Fischer, Susann & Vega Vilanova, Jorge. 2018. Contact-induced
change in
Judeo-Spanish. In Harm den Boer, Anna Lena Menny, Carsten Wilke, David M. Bunis, Ivana Vučina Simović & Corinna Deppner (eds.), Caminos
de leche y miel. Jubilee volume in Honor of Michael
Studemund-Halévy. Volume 2, 135–153. Barcelona: Tirocinio.
Fitzgerald, Colleen. 2017. Understanding
language vitality and reclamation as resilience: A framework
for language endangerment and ‘loss’ (Commentary on
Mufwene). Language 93(4). 281–298.
Gardner, Robert & Peter MacIntyre. 1991. An
instrumental motivation in language study: Who says it isn’t
effective? Studies in Second
Language
Acquisition 13. 57–72.
Geeslin, Kimberly. 2002. The
acquisition of Spanish copula choice and its relationship to
language change. Studies in
Second Language
Acquisition 24(3). 419–450.
. 2003. A
comparison of copula choice: Native Spanish speakers and
advanced learners. Language
Learning 53(4). 703–764.
. 2011. The
acquisition of variation in second language Spanish: How to
identify and catch a moving
target. In Manuel Díaz-Campos (ed.), The
handbook of Hispanic
sociolinguistics, 303–319. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
. 2018. Variable
structures and sociolinguistic
variation. In Paul Malovrh & Alessandro Benati (eds.), The
handbook of advanced proficiency in second language
acquisition, 547–565. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
(ed.). 2022. The
Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and
sociolinguistics. New York: Routledge.
Geeslin, Kimberly & Travis Evans-Sago. 2020. Bilingualism,
second language acquisition, and language
contact. In Stephen Fafulas (ed.), Amazonian
Spanish: Language contact and
evolution, 35–56. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Geeslin, Kimberly & Stephen Fafulas. 2022. Linguistic
variation and second language Spanish: A study of
progressive and habitual marking by English-speaking
learners. In Robert Bayley, Dennis Preston & Xiaoshi Li (eds.), Variation
in second and heritage languages: Crosslinguistic
perspectives, 159–198. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Giacalone Ramat, Anna. 1995. Iconicity
in grammaticalization
processes. In Raffaele Simone (ed.), Iconicity
in
language, 119–139. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2009. Typological
universals and second language
acquisition. In Sergio Scalise, Elisabetta Magni & Antonietta Bisetto (eds.), Universals
of language today. Studies in natural language and
linguistic theory, vol.
76, 253–272. Dordrecht: Springer.
Givón, Talmy. 1976. Topic,
pronoun, and grammatical
agreement. In Charles Li (ed.), Subject
and
topic, 149–188. New York: Academic Press.
Greenberg, Joseph. 1991. Typology/universals
and second language
acquisition. In Thom Huebner & Charles Ferguson (eds.), Cross
currents in second language acquisition and linguistic
theories, 37–43. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Gutiérrez, Manuel. 1992. The
extension of estar: A linguistic change in
progress in the Spanish of Morelia,
Mexico. Hispanic
Linguistics 5(1–2). 109–141.
Hansen Edwards, Jette. 2011. Deletion
of /t, d/ and the acquisition of linguistic variation by
second language learners of
English. Language
Learning 61(4). 1256–1301.
Holmquist, Jonathan. 2012. Frequency
rates and constraints on subject personal pronoun
expression: Findings from the Puerto Rican
highlands. Language Variation
and
Change 24. 203–220.
Kanwit, Matthew & Kimberly Geeslin. 2018. Exploring
lexical effects in second language interpretation: The case
of mood in Spanish adverbial
clauses. Studies in Second
Language
Acquisition 40(3). 579–603.
Kanwit, Matthew, Vanessa Elias & Rebecca Clay. 2018. Acquiring
intensifier variation abroad: Exploring muy
and bien in Spain and
Mexico. Foreign Language
Annals 51(2). 455–471.
Kanwit, Matthew & Kimberly Geeslin. 2020. Sociolinguistic
competence and interpreting variable structures in a second
language: A study of the copula contrast in native and
second-language
Spanish. Studies in Second
Language
Acquisition 42(4). 775–799.
Klein, Flora. 1980. A
quantitative study of syntactic and pragmatic indications of
change in the Spanish of bilinguals in the
U.S. In William Labov (ed.), Locating
language in time and
space, 69–82. New York: Academic Press.
Klein, Wolfgang & Clive Perdue. 1997. The
basic variety (or: Couldn’t natural languages be much
simpler?). Second Language
Research 13(4). 301–347.
Labov, William. 1966. The
social stratification of English in New York
City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Levon, Erez & Sue Fox. 2014. Social
salience and the sociolinguistic monitor: A case study of
ING and TH-fronting in
Britain. Journal of English
Linguistics 42(3). 185–217.
Li, Xiaoshi. 2010. Sociolinguistic
variation in the speech of learners of Chinese as a second
language. Language
Learning 60(2). 366–408.
. 2014. Variation
in subject pronominal expression in L2
Chinese. Studies in Second
Language
Acquisition 36(1). 39–68.
Limerick, Philip P. 2017. Language
contact in the US Southeast: The case of Spanish subject
expression in an emerging bilingual community in
Georgia. Spanish in
Context 14(1). 53–77.
Lipski, John. 2015. Is
“Spanglish” the third language of the
South? In Michael Picone & Catherine Evans Davies (eds.), New
perspectives on language variety in the South: Historical
and contemporary
approaches, 657–677. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
Mougeon, Raymond, Terry Nadasdi & Katherine Rehner. 2010. The
sociolinguistic competence of immersion
students. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Nevalainen, Terttu & Helena Raumolin-Brunberg. 2012. Historical
sociolinguistics: Origins, motivations, and
paradigms. In Juan Manuel Hernández-Campoy & José Camilo Conde-Silvestre (eds.), The
handbook of historical
sociolinguistics, 22–40. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Norton, Bonny. 2011. Identity. In James Simpson (ed.), The
Routledge handbook of applied
linguistics, 318–330. New York: Routledge.
Ortiz-López, Luis. 2000. Extensión
de estar en contextos de
ser en el español de Puerto Rico:
¿Evolución interna o contacto de
lenguas? Boletín de la
Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua
Española, 98–118.
Otheguy, Ricardo, Ofelia García & Wallis Reid. 2015. Clarifying
translanguaging and deconstructing named languages: A
perspective from
linguistics. Applied
Linguistics
Review 6(3). 281–307.
Pew Research
Center. 2022. U.S.
Hispanic population continued its geographic spread in the
2010s. [URL] (April 15,
2022.)
Preston, Dennis. 1989. Sociolinguistics
and second language
acquisition. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
Raish, Michael. 2015. The
acquisition of an Egyptian phonological variant by US
students in Cairo. Foreign
Language
Annals 48(2). 267–283.
Rehner, Katherine, Raymond Mougeon & Terry Nadasdi. 2003. The
learning of sociolinguistic variation by advanced FSL
learners: The case of nous versus
on in immersion
French. Studies in Second
Language
Acquisition 25(1). 127–156.
Schmidt, Lauren, Bret Linford & Stephen Fafulas. 2022. Regional
variation. In Kimberly Geeslin (ed.), The
Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and
sociolinguistics. London: Routledge.
Shirai, Yasuhiro & Roger W. Andersen. 1995. The
acquisition of tense-aspect morphology: A prototype
account. Language 71(4). 743–762.
Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. 1986. Bilingualism
and language change: The extension of estar
in Los Angeles
Spanish. Language 62(3). 587–608.
Sorace, Antonella & Ludovica Serratrice. 2009. Internal
and external interfaces in bilingual language development:
beyond structural
overlap. International
Journal of
Bilingualism 13(2). 193–210.
Tarone, Elaine. 2006. Interlanguage. In Keith Brown (ed.), Encyclopedia
of language and linguistics. 2nd
edition, 747–751. Boston: Elsevier.
Thomas, Erik. (ed.). 2019. Mexican
American English: Substrate influence and the birth of an
ethnolect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Torres Cacoullos, Rena. 2000. Grammaticization,
synchronic variation, and language contact: A study of
Spanish progressive -ndo
constructions. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Trudgill, Peter. 2011. Sociolinguistic
typology: Social determinants of linguistic
complexity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
VanPatten, Bill. 2004. Processing
instruction: Theory, research, and
commentary. New York: Routledge.
Winford, Donald. 2020. The
New Spanishes in the context of contact linguistics: Toward
a unified
approach. In Luis Ortiz López, Rosa Guzzardo Tamargo & Melvin González-Rivera (eds.), Hispanic
contact linguistics: Theoretical, methodological and
empirical
perspectives, 11–41. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
