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In:Keeping in Touch: Emigrant letters across the English-speaking world
Edited by Raymond Hickey
[Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics 10] 2019
► pp. 185–209

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Chapter 9
‘[S]eas may divide and oceans roll between but Friends is Friends whatever intervene’

Emigrant letters in New Zealand

 | Western Norway University of Applied Sciences
Published online: 28 November 2019
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/ahs.10.09bon
Present-day New Zealand English is a relatively homogenous, uniform variety with little regional variation (Gordon and Trudgill 2004: 448), but just over 150 years ago, various different English dialects could be heard in Aotearoa – the land of the long white cloud. One of them was Irish English. The present chapter follows three Irish emigrants on their journey to New Zealand and looks at how their language changed over the span of several decades by looking at the letters they wrote to keep in touch with their families. Some of these letters show Māori loan words, or Australian/New Zealand colloquialisms, while other letters also indicate some morphosyntactic variation over the years. This small-scale study therefore contributes to investigations looking at individuals’ language change in the rise of colonial varieties of English, and it can provide evidence for theoretical frameworks of new-dialect formation (e.g. Trudgill 2004; Schneider 2003, 2007).
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The letter writers
    • 2.1Hamilton McIlrath
    • 2.2James McIlrath
    • 2.3David McCullough
  • 3.Discussion
  • 4.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • Sources
  • References
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Cited by (2)

Cited by two other publications

Bonness, Dania Jovanna
2023. The Language of Nineteenth-Century Irish Immigrants to New Zealand. In The Oxford Handbook of Irish English, ► pp. 561 ff. DOI logo
McCafferty, Kevin & Carolina P. Amador-Moreno
2023. Emigrant Letters from Ireland. In The Oxford Handbook of Irish English, ► pp. 314 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 7 march 2026. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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