In:Digital Social Reading and Second Language Learning and Teaching:
Edited by Joshua J. Thoms and Kristen Michelson
[AILA Applied Linguistics Series 21] 2024
► pp. 104–127
Chapter 5Addressing text difficulty in novice L2 digital social
reading
Published online: 17 October 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/aals.21.05law
https://doi.org/10.1075/aals.21.05law
Abstract
Data from L2 digital social reading (DSR) can reveal
textual features that increase literary discussion, with text
difficulty shown to be a key inhibiting factor. Using DSR, 200
beginning university French students annotated lyrics to six songs
of varying difficulty, with words beyond students’ expected
proficiency levels glossed in English. No inverse relationship was
found between four measures of text difficulty and the use of
literary affordances, suggesting that glossing effectively allows
beginning French learners to engage in literary discussion of texts
through DSR beyond their current proficiency level. Analysis of
other textual features leads to recommendations that teachers of
beginning L2 learners hoping to maximize literary discussion should
prioritize multimedia texts with cultural specificity and should
embrace texts of higher difficulty provided that glosses are added
as needed.
Article outline
- Introduction
- Affordances in digital social reading
- Text difficulty in digital social reading
- Data
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusion
Notes References Appendix
References (48)
Amerian, M., & Mehri, E. (2014). Scaffolding
in sociocultural theory: Definition, steps, features,
conditions, tools, and effective
considerations. Scientific
Journal of
Review 3(7), 756–765.
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting
linear mixed-effects models using
lme4. Journal of Statistical
Software, 67(1), 1–48.
Blyth, C. (2014). Exploring
the affordances of digital social reading for L2 literacy:
The case of
eComma. In J. P. Guikema & L. Williams (Eds.), Digital
literacies in foreign and second language
education (pp. 201–226). Calico.
Carbaugh, B. (2020). The
decline of college textbook publishing: Cengage learning and
McGraw-Hill. The American
Economist, 65(2), 284–299.
Chall, J., & Dale, E. (1995). Readability
revisited: The new Dale-Chall readability
formula. Brookline Books.
Chen, I.-C. J. (2020). Integrating
literature circles to facilitate reading comprehension on
Facebook groups: Questioning and learning
perceptions. Taiwan Journal
of
TESOL, 17(2), 119–146.
Cope, B., & Kalantzis, M. (2009). “Multiliteracies”:
New literacies, new
learning. Pedagogies: An
International
Journal, 4, 164–195.
(2015). The
things you do to know: An introduction to the pedagogy of
multiliteracies. In B. Cope & M. Kalantzis (Eds.), A
pedagogy of
multiliteracies (pp. 1–36). Palgrave Macmillan.
Crossley, S., Allen, L., Kyle, K., & McNamara, D. (2014). Analyzing
discourse processing using a simple natural language
processing tool
(SiNLP). Discourse
Processes, 51, 511–534.
Crossley, S., Skalicky, S., & Dascalu, M. (2019). Moving
beyond classic readability formulas: New methods and new
models. Journal of Research
in
Reading, 42(3–4), 541–561.
Crossley, S., Heintz, A., Choi, J. S., Batchelor, J., Karimi, M., & Malatinszky, A. (2022). A
large-scaled corpus for assessing text
readability. Behavior
Research
Methods, 55, 491–507.
Darhower, M. (2009). The
role of linguistic affordances in telecollaborative
chat. CALICO
Journal, 26(1), 48–69.
Finlayson, N., Marsden, E., & Anthony, L. (2022). MultilingProfiler (Version
3) [Computer
software]. University of York. Retrieved on 10
September 2022 from [URL]
Fulcher, G. (1997). Text
difficulty and accessibility: Reading formulae and expert
judgement. System, 25(4), 497–513.
Haberlandt, K., & Graesser, A. (1985). Component
processes in text comprehension and some of their
interactions. Journal of
Experimental Psychology:
General, 114(3), 357–374.
Hosseini Alast, S., & Baleghizadeh, S. (2021). The
interplay of glossing with text difficulty and comprehension
levels. Language Teaching
Research, 28(3).
Jacobs, G., Dufon, P., & Hong, F. (1994). L1
and L2 vocabulary glosses in L2 reading passages: Their
effectiveness for increasing comprehension and vocabulary
knowledge. Journal of
Research in
Reading, 17(1), 19–28.
Jewitt, C. (2005). Multimodality,
“reading”, and “writing” for the 21st
Century. Discourse: Studies
in the Cultural Politics of
Education, 26(3). 315–331.
Jin, L. (2018). Digital
affordances on WeChat: Learning Chinese as a second
language. Computer Assisted
Language
Learning, 31(1–2), 27–52.
Jung, J. (2016). Effects
of glosses on learning of L2 grammar and
vocabulary. Language Teaching
Research, 20(1), 92–112.
Just, M., & Carpenter, P. (1980). A
theory of reading: From eye fixations to
comprehension. Psychological
Review, 87, 329–354.
Kress, G. (2000). Multimodality:
Challenges to thinking about
language. TESOL
Quarterly, 34(2). 337–340.
Law, J., Barny, D., & Poulin, R. (2020). Patterns of peer interaction in multimodal L2 digital social reading. Language Learning and Technology, 24(2), 70–85. .
Lonsdale, D., & Le Bras, Y. (2009). A
frequency dictionary of French: Core vocabulary for
learners. Routledge.
Michelson, K., Abdennebi, M., & Michelson, C. (2023). Text-centered
“talk” in foreign language classrooms: Comparing the
affordances of face-to-face and digital social annotated
reading. Foreign Language
Annals, 56(3), 600–623.
O’Brien, D., & Voss, S. (2011). Reading
multimodally: What is
afforded? Journal of
Adolescent & Adult
Literacy, 55(1), 75–78.
Ouyang, J., Huang, L., & Jiang, J. (2020). The
effects of glossing on incidental vocabulary learning during
second language reading: Based on an eye-tracking
study. Journal of Research in
Reading, 43(4), 496–515.
Pianzola, F., Rebora, S., & Lauer, G. (2020). Wattpad
as a resource for literary studies. Quantitative and
qualitative examples of the importance of digital social
reading and readers’ comments in the
margins. PLOS
ONE, 15(1), Article e0226708.
R Core
Team (2022). R:
A language and environment for statistical
computing [Computer
software]. R Foundation for
Statistical Computing. Retrieved on 17 February 2023
from [URL]
Raibe, J., & Denoyelles, A. (2017, October 9). Exploring
the use of e-textbooks in higher education: A multiyear
study. Educause
Review. Retrieved on 6 June 2024
from [URL]
Rama, P., Black, R., van Es, E., & Warschauer, M. (2012) Affordances
for second language learning in World of
Warcraft. ReCALL, 24(3), 322–338.
Reddy, M. (1979). The
conduit metaphor: A case of frame conflict in our language
about
language. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor
and
thought (pp. 164–201). Cambridge University Press.
Reynolds, R. (2011). Trends
influencing the growth of digital textbooks in US higher
education. Publishing
Research
Quarterly, 27(2), 178–187.
The New London
Group. (1996). A
pedagogy of multiliteracies: Designing social
futures. Harvard Educational
Review, 66(1), 60–93.
Thoms, J., & Poole, F. (2017). Investigating
linguistic, literary, and social affordances of L2
collaborative
reading. Language Learning
&
Technology, 21(2), 139–156.
van Compernolle, R. A. (2014). Sociocultural
theory and L2 instructional
pragmatics. Multilingual Matters.
van Lier, L. (1996). Interaction
in the language curriculum: Awareness, autonomy and
authenticity. Routledge.
(2000). From
input to affordance: Social-interactive learning from an
ecological
perspective. In J. P. Lantolf (Ed.), Sociocultural
theory and second language
learning (pp. 245–259). Oxford University Press.
Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind
in society: The development of higher psychological
processes, M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman (Eds.). Harvard University Press.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
Thoms, Joshua J. & Mimoun Akhiat
2025. Using digital annotation tools to facilitate second language digital social reading. In Technology and Instructed Second Language Acquisition [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 63], ► pp. 185 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
