翻译
人文社科学术译者的身份档案与翻译活动一项探索性调查研究 [Academic translators of humanities and social sciences texts: An exploratory survey of their profile and translation activity]

李向东
西安外国语大学
翻译 许译丹李向东
西安外国语大学

近年来,有关译者社会学的研究不断涌现。然而,人文社科学术译者的相关研究却鲜有问津。本项探索性研究旨在描述人文社科学术译者的身份档案及其翻译活动。研究人员采用了方便抽样的方法,邀请人文社科学术译者参与了一项网络调查研究。研究结果表明,这些鲜为人知的人文社科学术译者在性别、工作语言、教育水平、学科知识领域、专业经验年限、就业类型、翻译培训背景、作者出版经验等方面具有相似性与差异性。研究结论与当前文献关于翻译任务获取途径、翻译方向、翻译领域、中间人协作、翻译质量管理、对翻译的误解、薪酬满意度等人文社科学术翻译活动的部分认识有所不同。

目录

1.引言

近年来,翻译研究领域出现“社会学转向”(Wolf 2007Wolf, Michaela 2007 “Introduction: The Emergence of a Sociology of Translation.” In Constructing a Sociology of Translation, edited by Michaela Wolf and Alexandra Fukari, 1–36. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Chesterman 2009Chesterman, Andrew 2009 “The Name and Nature of Translator Studies.” HERMES — Journal of Language and Communication in Business 42: 13–22.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Munday 2014Munday, Jeremy 2014 “Using Primary Sources to Produce a Microhistory of Translation and Translators: Theoretical and Methodological Concerns.” The Translator 20 (1): 64–80.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Georgiou 2018Georgiou, Nadia 2018 “Regarding Symbolic Capital: Poetry Translators from Modern Greek into English.” HERMES — Journal of Language and Communication in Business 58: 99–115.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)。更多的研究人员开始讨论翻译、译者、翻译活动,关注如国际市场上的翻译产品、翻译中间人、社会语境下的翻译过程等现象(Wolf 2007Wolf, Michaela 2007 “Introduction: The Emergence of a Sociology of Translation.” In Constructing a Sociology of Translation, edited by Michaela Wolf and Alexandra Fukari, 1–36. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Chesterman 2009Chesterman, Andrew 2009 “The Name and Nature of Translator Studies.” HERMES — Journal of Language and Communication in Business 42: 13–22.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)。其中,译者社会学受到了更多关注,如专业译者与非专业译者的身份档案(Amit-Kochavi 2010Amit-Kochavi, Hannah 2010 “The People behind the Words: Professional Profiles and Activity Patterns of Translators of Arabic Literature into Hebrew (1896–2009).” Translation and Interpreting Studies 5 (1): 41–58.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Muñoz-Miquel 2014Muñoz-Miquel, Ana 2014 “El perfil y las competencias del traductor médico desde el punto de vista de los profesionales: una aproximación cualitativa [The profile and competences of medical translators from the professionals’ point of view: A qualitative approach].” TRANS: Revista de Traductología [TRANS: Journal of Translation Studies] 18: 163–181.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Yilmaz 2020Yilmaz, Simge 2020 “Under the Shadow of the Turkological Legacy: The Current Profile of Translators and Publishers in Literary Translations from Turkish into German.” World Literature Studies 12 (1): 67–81.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Tor-Carroggio and Rovira-Esteva 2021Tor-Carroggio, Irene, and Sara Rovira-Esteva 2021 “El traductor literario del chino en España: Un estudio cualitativo basado en entrevistas [The Chinese literature translator in Spain: An interview-based qualitative study].” Sendebar: Revista de Traducción e Interpretación [Sendebar: Journal of Translation and Interpretation] 32: 177–195.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)、地位(Dam and Zethsen 2010Dam, Helle V., and Karen Korning Zethsen 2010 “Translator Status: Helpers and Opponents in the Ongoing Battle of an Emerging Profession.” Target 22 (2): 194–211.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Ruokonen and Svahn 2022Ruokonen, Minna, and Elin Svahn 2022 “Comparative Research into Translator Status: Finland and Sweden as a Case in Point.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 30 (5): 859–875.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)、身份认同(Blum and Hofeneder 2020Blum, Hanna, and Philipp Hofeneder 2020 “Specialized Translators in the GDR: Professionals across Politics, Scientific Knowledge and Translatorial Competence.” Translation and Interpreting Studies 15 (3): 333–353.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)、幸福度(Bednárová-Gibová and Majherová 2021Bednárová-Gibová, Klaudia, and Mária Majherová 2021 “Academic Literary Translators: A Happy ‘Elite’or Not? Some Insights from Correlational Research.” The Translator 27 (2): 167–189.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)、译者-作者-出版商合作关系(Jansen 2019Jansen, Hanne 2019 “I’m a Translator and I’m Proud: How Literary Translators View Authors and Authorship.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 27 (5): 675–688.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)。

在译者社会学研究中,译者身份档案的研究比译者身份认同与地位受到了更多的关注,这一现象或有两方面原因。原因之一与译者身份档案研究的价值有关。研究表明,在译作的推广与接受过程中,译者身份档案(译者的教育背景、专业经历等)比译作本身的影响更大(Ziemann 2018Ziemann, Zofia 2018 “Translator Profile in the Discourse around Translation: Promotion and Reception of the English Translations of the Fiction of Bruno Schulz.” HERMES — Journal of Language and Communication in Business 58: 139–155.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 148)。另一原因与译者身份档案研究的作用有关。对译者身份档案的描述性研究能使行业利益相关者了解译者的身份、背景与工作方式,辅助其基于科学证据做出有关翻译项目管理、译员招聘以及译员在职培训的决策,而非基于轶事传说或主观臆想。长远来看,译者身份档案研究或许能为译者身份与地位提升措施的制定提供参考(Limon 2010Limon, David 2010 “Translators as Cultural Mediators: Wish or Reality? A Question for Translation Studies.” In Why Translation Studies Matters, edited by Daniel Gile, Gyde Hansen, and Nike K. Pokorn, 29–40. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 38)。

前人对译者身份档案的研究大都聚焦于不同领域的译者,如文学译者(Amit-Kochavi 2010Amit-Kochavi, Hannah 2010 “The People behind the Words: Professional Profiles and Activity Patterns of Translators of Arabic Literature into Hebrew (1896–2009).” Translation and Interpreting Studies 5 (1): 41–58.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Ziemann 2018Ziemann, Zofia 2018 “Translator Profile in the Discourse around Translation: Promotion and Reception of the English Translations of the Fiction of Bruno Schulz.” HERMES — Journal of Language and Communication in Business 58: 139–155.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Yilmaz 2020Yilmaz, Simge 2020 “Under the Shadow of the Turkological Legacy: The Current Profile of Translators and Publishers in Literary Translations from Turkish into German.” World Literature Studies 12 (1): 67–81.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Tor-Carroggio and Rovira-Esteva 2021Tor-Carroggio, Irene, and Sara Rovira-Esteva 2021 “El traductor literario del chino en España: Un estudio cualitativo basado en entrevistas [The Chinese literature translator in Spain: An interview-based qualitative study].” Sendebar: Revista de Traducción e Interpretación [Sendebar: Journal of Translation and Interpretation] 32: 177–195.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)、影视译者(Pavesi and Perego 2006Pavesi, Maria, and Elisa Perego 2006 “Profiling Film Translators in Italy: A Preliminary Analysis.” The Journal of Specialised Translation 9: 99–114. https://​jostrans​.org​/issue06​/art​_pavesi​.pdf; Robert, Schrijver and Diels 2019Robert, Isabelle S., Iris Schrijver, and Ella Diels 2019 “Live Subtitlers: Who Are They? A Survey Study.” Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series — Themes in Translation Studies 18: 101–129.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)、法律译者(García Izquierdo and Conde Ruano 2012García-Izquierdo, Isabel, and Tomás Conde 2012 “Investigating Specialized Translators: Corpus and Documentary Sources.” Ibérica: Journal of the European Association of Languages for Specific Purposes 23: 131–156.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Solová 2015Solová, Regina 2015 “The Polish Sworn Translator: Current Training Profile and Perspectives.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 9 (2): 243–259.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Prieto Ramos 2020Prieto Ramos, Fernando 2020 “The Use of Resources for Legal Terminological Decision-Making: Patterns and Profile Variations among Institutional Translators.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 29 (2): 278–310.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)、医学译者(Muñoz-Miquel 2014Muñoz-Miquel, Ana 2014 “El perfil y las competencias del traductor médico desde el punto de vista de los profesionales: una aproximación cualitativa [The profile and competences of medical translators from the professionals’ point of view: A qualitative approach].” TRANS: Revista de Traductología [TRANS: Journal of Translation Studies] 18: 163–181.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 2018a 2018a “Differences between Linguists and Subject-Matter Experts in the Medical Translation Practice: An Empirical Descriptive Study with Professional Translators.” Target 30 (1): 24–52.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)、非专业译者(Diéguez Morales, Lazo Rodríguez, and Quezada Gaponov 2014Diéguez Morales, María Isabel, Rosa María Lazo Rodríguez, and Camilo Quezada Gaponov 2014 “Estudio de mercado de la traducción en Argentina, Chile y España: perfil académico y profesional de los traductores [Market study of translation in Argentine, Chile and Spain: Translators’ academic and professional profile].” Onomázein 30: 70–89.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)等。然而,尽管现有文献有对人文社科学术译者身份档案的相关论述,目前还未出现与其相关的实证研究。

人文社科学术译者属于一个鲜为人知的翻译群体,招募充足译者作为研究样本是一项艰巨的任务。原因之一在于,与科学文本相比,人文社科学术文本对译者的要求更高。人文社科学术文本中的概念大多具有地域性且依赖具体语境,用于交流信息的元语言因文化而异,其学术规范和修辞惯例往往植根于本土文化(ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm, 4; Bennett 2013Bennett, Karen 2013 “English as a Lingua Franca in Academia.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 7 (2): 169–193.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 170; Leclerc-Olive 2016Leclerc-Olive, Michèle 2016 “Traduire les sciences humaines: Auteur, traducteur et incertitudes [Translating the humanities: Author, translator and uncertainties].” Meta: Translators’ Journal 61 (1): 42–59.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 44)。因此,人文社科学术译者不仅需要具备双语能力,还需具备两种语言文化的学术规范和修辞惯例素养,能够灵活处理人文社科学术文本中的不可译问题。第二个原因与高质量人文社科学术译者的市场供求有关。根据美国学术理事会(American Council of Learned Societies)发布的《社会科学文本翻译指南》(ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm, 5),理想的人文社科学术译者需满足以下条件:(1)充分掌握源语语言,(2)是目的语的母语使用者,(3)接受过翻译培训,(4)具有待译文本领域的专业知识。能够满足以上所有要求的译者不易找到;满足前三项要求的译者通常深耕于语言学或翻译学领域,不具备充足的学科知识,而拥有一定学科知识储备的专业人士可能没有充足的翻译技能。原因之三在于,人文社科学术译者的不可见性增加了样本抽取难度。人文社科学术翻译有诸多目的,如在国际期刊上发表成果(Burrough-Boenisch 2006Burrough-Boenisch, Joy 2006 “Negotiable Acceptability: Reflections on the Interactions between Language Professionals in Europe and NNS 1 Scientists Wishing to Publish in English.” Current Issues in Language Planning 7 (1): 31–43.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 32; Luo and Hyland 2019Luo, Na, and Ken Hyland 2019 “ ‘I Won’t Publish in Chinese Now’: Publishing, Translation and the Non-English Speaking Academic.” Journal of English for Academic Purposes 39: 37–47.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 38)、提高国际知名度(Salager-Meyer 2008Salager-Meyer, Françoise 2008 “Scientific Publishing in Developing Countries: Challenges for the Future.” Journal of English for Academic Purposes 7: 121–132.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 129)、传播本土文化(Fan 2017Fan, Lingjuan 2017 “English as Lingua Academica: The Case of the Chinese Translation Fund for the Humanities and Social Sciences.” The Translator 23 (4): 428–440.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 429)等,但不少人文社科学术译者未在其译作中署名,因而无法进行招募(Madelain 2018Madelain, Anne 2018 “La place paradoxale de la traduction dans les revues françaises en sciences humaines et sociales [The paradoxical place of translation in human and social sciences journals in France].” Tracés: Revue de Sciences humaines [Traces: Review of Human Sciences] 18: 115–125.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Pisanski Peterlin 2018Pisanski Peterlin, Agnes 2018 “Self-translation of Academic Discourse: The Attitudes and Experiences of Authors-Translators.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 27 (6): 846–860.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Kim 2019Kim, Eun-Young Julia 2019 “Korean Scholars’ Use of For-Pay Editors and Perceptions of Ethicality.” Publications 7 (1): 1–12.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)。

在此背景下,本项探索性研究旨在描述人文社科学术译者的身份档案及其翻译活动。译者身份档案研究属于译者社会学研究范畴,而翻译活动研究属于翻译社会学研究范畴(Chesterman 2009Chesterman, Andrew 2009 “The Name and Nature of Translator Studies.” HERMES — Journal of Language and Communication in Business 42: 13–22.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 16; Wolf 2007Wolf, Michaela 2007 “Introduction: The Emergence of a Sociology of Translation.” In Constructing a Sociology of Translation, edited by Michaela Wolf and Alexandra Fukari, 1–36. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 14)。译者身份档案研究的目的是从性别、工作语言、教育水平、学科知识领域、翻译经验年限、就业类型(公司译者与自由译者、全职译者与兼职译者)、翻译培训背景、作者出版经验等方面描述人文社科学术译者的身份档案;译者翻译活动研究的目的是从翻译任务获取途径、翻译方向、翻译领域、中间人协作、翻译质量管理措施(翻译准则或任务指令的提供、例文试译)、对翻译的误解、薪酬满意度等方面描述人文社科学术译者的翻译活动。

本项探索性研究本质上属于描述性研究。在报告具体研究内容之前,有必要简要声明本研究对知识产生的立场。如果一位学者对知识的定义、知识产生的方式持有偏见,或对二者理解较为单一,可能会在潜意识中轻视超出其理解范围的知识以及知识产生的方式。因此,理论导向型研究的贡献很容易受到认可,而类似本研究的描述性研究,即使花费的时间与精力和其他研究范式相似,其价值却易被忽视。

研究的目的是产生知识,不同的研究范式产生不同的知识。一部分研究更倾向于理论导向,侧重产出理论贡献(发展新理论或审视现有理论);另一部分研究更注重实际应用(描述鲜为人知的现象或解决问题)。理论研究主要通过审视现有理论或发展新理论来提高认知,其研究范式包括但不限于理论性或概念性反思(如对翻译研究中未定义或新兴概念的非实证性反思)和理论的归纳建构(如用定性扎根理论的方法发展理论)。而应用研究主要聚焦实际情境中的具体问题或需求,目的是改变现状、解决新问题、为紧迫问题寻找答案,其研究范式包括但不限于研究调查(通过问卷或量表收集样本的定量数据以描述样本所在群体的特征、理念、态度、满意度或需求等)、实验性或相关性研究(通过定量研究设计验证基于累积知识假设的变量之间的因果关系或相关关系)、行动研究(发现实践中的问题,实施计划方案,收集与分析数据,提出改进措施)。只要研究方法合理,每种研究范式都能够产生新知识,为翻译研究做出贡献,无论是概念性反思、发展新理论,还是验证变量间的关系、描述翻译现象、为紧要问题寻找答案。不同研究范式相辅相成,没有任何一种研究范式能够产生所有类型的知识或解决所有问题。以人工智能翻译工具相关研究为例,研究人员可以通过扎根理论研究译者对人工智能辅助翻译的态度;通过调查问卷描述译者对人工智能翻译工具的满意度;通过实验设计验证人工智能翻译工具对译者翻译速度和翻译效率的影响;通过行动研究探索将人工智能翻译工具纳入翻译技术课程的可行性。

在不同的研究阶段,需使用不同的研究范式解答不同的问题。如果关于某一翻译现象的知识有限,没有信息能为实验性或相关性研究提供依据,研究人员通常会进行描述性调查,做出探索性贡献(回答“是什么”的问题);如果关于某一翻译现象的知识积累充分、足以为提出研究假设提供理论框架或支撑,研究人员可以采用其他研究范式进行进一步的研究(探索因果关系,回答“怎么样”和“为什么”的问题)。由此可见,研究人员往往采取不同研究范式回答不同的研究问题或填补不同的研究空白,从而以不同方式为翻译学科的发展做出不同贡献。

综上所述,为更好地促使翻译学发展成一门成熟的学科,学界应当鼓励以多元化视角看待知识以及知识产生的方式,承认不同方法产生的各类知识对翻译学的贡献。令人欣慰的是,目前各大翻译研究期刊对不同知识论持宽容态度,认可描述性研究的贡献,近期多篇描述性研究论文的发表可以证明这一点(可参见Khoshsaligheh and Ameri 2020Khoshsaligheh, Masood, and Saeed Ameri 2020 “Video Game Localisation in Iran: A Survey of Users’ Profile, Gaming Habits and Preferences.” The Translator 26 (2): 190–208.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Muñoz-Miquel 2018a 2018a “Differences between Linguists and Subject-Matter Experts in the Medical Translation Practice: An Empirical Descriptive Study with Professional Translators.” Target 30 (1): 24–52.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Torres-Simón and Pym 2016Torres-Simón, Esther, and Anthony Pym 2016 “The Professional Backgrounds of Translation Scholars: Report on a Survey.” Target 28 (1): 110–131.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)。

本研究属于应用型研究,旨在描述人文社科学术译者的身份档案与翻译活动,而非为当前翻译学知识体系做出理论贡献。目前,学界对人文社科学术译者及其翻译活动了解较少,现有认知仅限于理论假设。虽然学界已对法律、医学、文学等领域的译者展开了描述性研究,有一定的知识积累,但这些知识并不适用于人文社科学术译者群体。因此,从社会学角度对人文社科学术译者及其翻译活动进行描述性研究有其研究价值,有助于学界深入了解人文社科学术译者群体的身份档案与翻译活动。

2.人文社科学术译者:身份档案与翻译活动

同时具备专业学科知识与语言翻译技能的理想学术译者数量不多(Wallerstein 1981Wallerstein, Immanuel 1981 “Concepts in the Social Sciences: Problems of Translation.” In Translation Spectrum: Essays in Theory and Practice, edited by Marilyn Gaddis Rose, 88–98. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 89; ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm, 5),找到与源文专业背景知识相匹配的译者难度很大(Luo and Hyland 2019Luo, Na, and Ken Hyland 2019 “ ‘I Won’t Publish in Chinese Now’: Publishing, Translation and the Non-English Speaking Academic.” Journal of English for Academic Purposes 39: 37–47.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 44)。因此,为人文社科学术翻译任务寻找合适的译者是项艰难的任务。编辑和出版社为此常常陷入两难境地:是选择具有充分学科知识储备但语言、翻译能力有限的学科领域专家,还是选择语言、翻译能力优秀但在学科知识储备上有所欠缺的语言专业人士(Bosser 2012Bosser, Sylvie 2012 “Pratiques et représentations de la traduction en sciences humaines et sociales: éditeurs généralistes et maisons d’édition savants [Practices and representations of translation in the humanities and social sciences: Generalist publishers and scholarly publishing houses].” In Traduire la littérature et les sciences humaines: conditions et obstacles [Translating literature and human sciences: Conditions and obstacles], edited by Gisèle Sapiro, 249–271. Paris: Ministère de la Culture — DEPS.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 250)。

根据前人文献的论述,人文社科学术译者主要分为三类。第一类译者是学科领域专家(学科专家译者)(Wallerstein 1981Wallerstein, Immanuel 1981 “Concepts in the Social Sciences: Problems of Translation.” In Translation Spectrum: Essays in Theory and Practice, edited by Marilyn Gaddis Rose, 88–98. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 89; Rochlitz 2001Rochlitz, Rainer 2001 “Traduire les sciences humaines [Translating the human sciences].” Raisons politiques [Political Reasons] 2 (2): 65–77.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 72; Frisani, Coy, and Sapiro 2014Frisani, Marcella, Jill Mc Coy, and Gisèle Sapiro 2014 “Les traducteurs de sciences humaines et sociales aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni [Humanities and social science translators in the United States and the United Kingdom].” In Sciences humaines en traduction: Les livres français aux États-Unis, au Royaume-Uni et en Argentine [Humanities in translation: French books in the United States, United Kingdom and Argentina], edited by Gisèle Sapiro, 158–174. Paris: Institut Français.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 166; Matoussowsky 2019Matoussowsky, Charlotte 2019 “La formation en traduction de sciences humaines [Training in social sciences and humanities translation].” Traduire [Translate] 241: 6–18.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 13; Annales 2020Annales 2020 “Une revue en langues: Les défis d’une édition bilingue [A journal in translation: The challenges of a bilingual editorial project].” Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales [Annals: History, Social Sciences] 75 (3): 573–582.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)。这类译者具有充足的学科知识储备和研究经验,能够快速学习并熟悉相关文献、高效理解待译文本,同时了解编辑要求。聘请目的语文化中的学科专家译者的好处在于,在其可信度和影响力作用下,译作可能享有更高的知名度,翻译活动可以获得更多肯定与尊重(Rochlitz 2001Rochlitz, Rainer 2001 “Traduire les sciences humaines [Translating the human sciences].” Raisons politiques [Political Reasons] 2 (2): 65–77.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 72)。然而,这些学科领域专家欠缺语言、翻译方面的培训,使用翻译软件的经验有限,可能会导致译作质量下降。不过这一劣势可以通过学科领域专家与语言专业人士合作的工作模式抵消。真正的问题在于,这些人文社科领域的专家仅偶尔主动承担翻译工作,可能并不愿意接受与其教学、学术研究工作不兼容的翻译任务,毕竟教学和学术研究才是其收入的主要来源(Frisani, Coy, and Sapiro 2014Frisani, Marcella, Jill Mc Coy, and Gisèle Sapiro 2014 “Les traducteurs de sciences humaines et sociales aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni [Humanities and social science translators in the United States and the United Kingdom].” In Sciences humaines en traduction: Les livres français aux États-Unis, au Royaume-Uni et en Argentine [Humanities in translation: French books in the United States, United Kingdom and Argentina], edited by Gisèle Sapiro, 158–174. Paris: Institut Français.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 159)。有学者建议,为填补高质量人文社科学术译者缺口,人文社科学科应考虑将语言、翻译技能培训纳入人文社科专业研究培训课程,向人文社科领域学者提供翻译培训(ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm, 13; Berrichi 2012Berrichi, Alice 2012 “La traduction en sciences sociales [Translation in the social sciences].” Traduire [Translate] 227: 16–28.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 18; Sapiro 2012Sapiro, Gisèle 2012 “La circulation des sciences humaines et sociales en traduction: Enjeux et obstacles à l’heure de la globalisation [The circulation of human and social sciences in translation: Challenges and obstacles in the age of globalization].” Traduire [Translate] 227: 5–15.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 15)。

第二类译者是职业译者(语言专家译者)(Wallerstein 1981Wallerstein, Immanuel 1981 “Concepts in the Social Sciences: Problems of Translation.” In Translation Spectrum: Essays in Theory and Practice, edited by Marilyn Gaddis Rose, 88–98. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 89; Frisani, Coy, and Sapiro 2014Frisani, Marcella, Jill Mc Coy, and Gisèle Sapiro 2014 “Les traducteurs de sciences humaines et sociales aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni [Humanities and social science translators in the United States and the United Kingdom].” In Sciences humaines en traduction: Les livres français aux États-Unis, au Royaume-Uni et en Argentine [Humanities in translation: French books in the United States, United Kingdom and Argentina], edited by Gisèle Sapiro, 158–174. Paris: Institut Français.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 159; Matoussowsky 2019Matoussowsky, Charlotte 2019 “La formation en traduction de sciences humaines [Training in social sciences and humanities translation].” Traduire [Translate] 241: 6–18.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 13)。职业译者拥有充足的语言、翻译技能,但在学科知识储备上有所欠缺。与之相应的问题是,职业译者可能会误译人文社科术语(例如,选择错误的目的语对应词),误解文本原始概念,抑或是不能准确传达作者的言外之意。为保证译作的良好质量,职业译者的译文应由学科领域专家检查复核。

第三类译者是青年学者或博士生。文献表明(Berrichi 2012Berrichi, Alice 2012 “La traduction en sciences sociales [Translation in the social sciences].” Traduire [Translate] 227: 16–28.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 18; Frisani, Coy, and Sapiro 2014Frisani, Marcella, Jill Mc Coy, and Gisèle Sapiro 2014 “Les traducteurs de sciences humaines et sociales aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni [Humanities and social science translators in the United States and the United Kingdom].” In Sciences humaines en traduction: Les livres français aux États-Unis, au Royaume-Uni et en Argentine [Humanities in translation: French books in the United States, United Kingdom and Argentina], edited by Gisèle Sapiro, 158–174. Paris: Institut Français.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 159),编辑和出版商选择这类译者往往是出于方便或经济原因。与经验丰富的译者相比,这类译者的学科知识储备或(和)语言、翻译能力较为有限,因此其译作质量不一定能得到保证。

现有文献认为,在人文社科学术文本的翻译活动中,可以通过以下措施保证译文准确性与可读性:译者需与编辑、作者讨论文本的潜在问题及翻译策略(ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm, 6; Berrichi 2012Berrichi, Alice 2012 “La traduction en sciences sociales [Translation in the social sciences].” Traduire [Translate] 227: 16–28.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 18; Morley and Kerans 2012Morley, Greg, and Mary Ellen Kerans 2012 “Bilingual Publication of Academic Journals: Motivations and Practicalities.” In Supporting Research Writing: Roles and Challenges in Multilingual Settings, edited by Valerie Matarese, 121–137. Oxford: Chandos.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 128; Luo and Hyland 2019Luo, Na, and Ken Hyland 2019 “ ‘I Won’t Publish in Chinese Now’: Publishing, Translation and the Non-English Speaking Academic.” Journal of English for Academic Purposes 39: 37–47.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 44; Annales 2020Annales 2020 “Une revue en langues: Les défis d’une édition bilingue [A journal in translation: The challenges of a bilingual editorial project].” Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales [Annals: History, Social Sciences] 75 (3): 573–582.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar);可由两位译者合作承担给定任务,其中一位精通源语或以源语为母语,另一位精通目的语或以目的语为母语(ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm, 6);译者需与相应学科领域专家合作(Berrichi 2012Berrichi, Alice 2012 “La traduction en sciences sociales [Translation in the social sciences].” Traduire [Translate] 227: 16–28.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 18; Leclerc-Olive 2016Leclerc-Olive, Michèle 2016 “Traduire les sciences humaines: Auteur, traducteur et incertitudes [Translating the humanities: Author, translator and uncertainties].” Meta: Translators’ Journal 61 (1): 42–59.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 43)。在翻译质量管理方面,应当采取以下措施:译者承担翻译任务前需进行例文试译,接受译文质量评估(ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm, 6);需向译者提供出版格式要求以及翻译任务指令,明确译文的目标语境及目标读者(ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm, 7; Limon 2010Limon, David 2010 “Translators as Cultural Mediators: Wish or Reality? A Question for Translation Studies.” In Why Translation Studies Matters, edited by Daniel Gile, Gyde Hansen, and Nike K. Pokorn, 29–40. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 34)等。但有学者指出,目前人文社科学术翻译过程中还存在部分问题,例如:译者有时没有被提供相应的翻译准则(Tietze 2018Tietze, Susanne 2018 “Multilingual Research, Monolingual Publications: Management Scholarship in English Only?European Journal of International Management 12 (1/2): 28–45.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 16);编辑或作者视翻译为机械性语言转换(ibid.);译者不能得到满意的薪酬(Bosser 2012Bosser, Sylvie 2012 “Pratiques et représentations de la traduction en sciences humaines et sociales: éditeurs généralistes et maisons d’édition savants [Practices and representations of translation in the humanities and social sciences: Generalist publishers and scholarly publishing houses].” In Traduire la littérature et les sciences humaines: conditions et obstacles [Translating literature and human sciences: Conditions and obstacles], edited by Gisèle Sapiro, 249–271. Paris: Ministère de la Culture — DEPS.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 250)等。

当前文献回顾表明,因缺少相应研究,学界对于人文社科学术译者的身份档案了解较为有限,相关认识尚未得到证实。同时,尽管前人已就如何保证翻译质量提出了相关建议,但有关人文社科学术译者翻译活动的描述性研究还尚未展开。

在此背景下,本研究主要回答以下两个问题:

第一,人文社科学术译者的身份档案是什么?主要指标包括性别、工作语言、教育水平、学科知识领域、翻译经验年限、就业类型(公司译者与自由译者、全职译者与兼职译者)、翻译培训背景、作者出版经验等。

第二,人文社科学术译者的翻译活动情况如何?主要指标包括翻译任务获取途径、翻译方向、翻译领域、中间人协作、翻译质量管理措施(翻译准则或任务指令的提供、例文试译)、对翻译的误解、薪酬满意度等。

3.研究方法

前人对法律、文学、影视、医学等领域译者身份档案的研究主要分为三类:定量研究(García Izquierdo and Conde Ruano 2012García-Izquierdo, Isabel, and Tomás Conde 2012 “Investigating Specialized Translators: Corpus and Documentary Sources.” Ibérica: Journal of the European Association of Languages for Specific Purposes 23: 131–156.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Diéguez Morales, Lazo Rodríguez, and Quezada Gaponov 2014Diéguez Morales, María Isabel, Rosa María Lazo Rodríguez, and Camilo Quezada Gaponov 2014 “Estudio de mercado de la traducción en Argentina, Chile y España: perfil académico y profesional de los traductores [Market study of translation in Argentine, Chile and Spain: Translators’ academic and professional profile].” Onomázein 30: 70–89.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Solová 2015Solová, Regina 2015 “The Polish Sworn Translator: Current Training Profile and Perspectives.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 9 (2): 243–259.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Muñoz-Miquel 2018a 2018a “Differences between Linguists and Subject-Matter Experts in the Medical Translation Practice: An Empirical Descriptive Study with Professional Translators.” Target 30 (1): 24–52.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Robert, Schrijver and Diels 2019Robert, Isabelle S., Iris Schrijver, and Ella Diels 2019 “Live Subtitlers: Who Are They? A Survey Study.” Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series — Themes in Translation Studies 18: 101–129.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Prieto Ramos 2020Prieto Ramos, Fernando 2020 “The Use of Resources for Legal Terminological Decision-Making: Patterns and Profile Variations among Institutional Translators.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 29 (2): 278–310.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)、基于访谈或副文本的定性研究(Pavesi and Perego 2006Pavesi, Maria, and Elisa Perego 2006 “Profiling Film Translators in Italy: A Preliminary Analysis.” The Journal of Specialised Translation 9: 99–114. https://​jostrans​.org​/issue06​/art​_pavesi​.pdf; Muñoz-Miquel 2014Muñoz-Miquel, Ana 2014 “El perfil y las competencias del traductor médico desde el punto de vista de los profesionales: una aproximación cualitativa [The profile and competences of medical translators from the professionals’ point of view: A qualitative approach].” TRANS: Revista de Traductología [TRANS: Journal of Translation Studies] 18: 163–181.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Ziemann 2018Ziemann, Zofia 2018 “Translator Profile in the Discourse around Translation: Promotion and Reception of the English Translations of the Fiction of Bruno Schulz.” HERMES — Journal of Language and Communication in Business 58: 139–155.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Yilmaz 2020Yilmaz, Simge 2020 “Under the Shadow of the Turkological Legacy: The Current Profile of Translators and Publishers in Literary Translations from Turkish into German.” World Literature Studies 12 (1): 67–81.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Tor-Carroggio and Rovira-Esteva 2021Tor-Carroggio, Irene, and Sara Rovira-Esteva 2021 “El traductor literario del chino en España: Un estudio cualitativo basado en entrevistas [The Chinese literature translator in Spain: An interview-based qualitative study].” Sendebar: Revista de Traducción e Interpretación [Sendebar: Journal of Translation and Interpretation] 32: 177–195.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)、混合式研究(Amit-Kochavi 2010Amit-Kochavi, Hannah 2010 “The People behind the Words: Professional Profiles and Activity Patterns of Translators of Arabic Literature into Hebrew (1896–2009).” Translation and Interpreting Studies 5 (1): 41–58.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)。

本研究是一项探索性研究,采用了定量描述的研究范式,研究工具为调查问卷。如表一所示,为保证问卷的内容效度,问卷题项构架均基于现有文献资料。问卷题项主要分为两类:第一类与人文社科学术译者的社会职业和学术身份档案有关,包括性别、工作语言、教育水平、学科知识领域、从事人文社科学术翻译的经验年限、就业类型、翻译培训背景、作者出版经验等;第二类与人文社科学术译者的翻译活动有关,包括翻译任务获取途径、翻译方向、翻译领域、中间人协作、翻译质量管理措施、对翻译误解的经历、薪酬满意度等。问卷主要由封闭式题目构成,包括选择题、复选框选择题、填空题和李克特量表题项。量表题项采用七级计分法,选项为:1-从未有过,2-很少(涉及不到10%的任务),3-偶尔(涉及30%的任务),4-有时(涉及50%的任务),5-经常(涉及70%的任务),6-通常(涉及90%的任务),7-每次都有。参与者还需回答其他问题,如居住国家或地区(单个填空题)、专业化程度(从“非专业译者”到“专业译者”的 10 级评分量表)、翻译人文社科学术书籍和文章的大致数量(两个填空题)等。问卷语言为英文。

表 一.问卷题项及其对应的研究问题
问题范围 题项形式 研究问题
译者身份档案 (1)性别
García Izquierdo and Conde Ruano 2012García-Izquierdo, Isabel, and Tomás Conde 2012 “Investigating Specialized Translators: Corpus and Documentary Sources.” Ibérica: Journal of the European Association of Languages for Specific Purposes 23: 131–156.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Muñoz-Miquel 2018a 2018a “Differences between Linguists and Subject-Matter Experts in the Medical Translation Practice: An Empirical Descriptive Study with Professional Translators.” Target 30 (1): 24–52.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Solová 2015Solová, Regina 2015 “The Polish Sworn Translator: Current Training Profile and Perspectives.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 9 (2): 243–259.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
一个选择题 人文社科学术译者的身份档案是什么?
(2)工作语言别
García Izquierdo and Conde Ruano 2012García-Izquierdo, Isabel, and Tomás Conde 2012 “Investigating Specialized Translators: Corpus and Documentary Sources.” Ibérica: Journal of the European Association of Languages for Specific Purposes 23: 131–156.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Prieto Ramos 2020Prieto Ramos, Fernando 2020 “The Use of Resources for Legal Terminological Decision-Making: Patterns and Profile Variations among Institutional Translators.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 29 (2): 278–310.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
两个填空题
(3)教育背景别
Bednárová-Gibová and Majherová 2021Bednárová-Gibová, Klaudia, and Mária Majherová 2021 “Academic Literary Translators: A Happy ‘Elite’or Not? Some Insights from Correlational Research.” The Translator 27 (2): 167–189.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Georgiou 2018Georgiou, Nadia 2018 “Regarding Symbolic Capital: Poetry Translators from Modern Greek into English.” HERMES — Journal of Language and Communication in Business 58: 99–115.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
一个选择题
(4)学科知识领域别
Frisani, Coy, and Sapiro 2014Frisani, Marcella, Jill Mc Coy, and Gisèle Sapiro 2014 “Les traducteurs de sciences humaines et sociales aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni [Humanities and social science translators in the United States and the United Kingdom].” In Sciences humaines en traduction: Les livres français aux États-Unis, au Royaume-Uni et en Argentine [Humanities in translation: French books in the United States, United Kingdom and Argentina], edited by Gisèle Sapiro, 158–174. Paris: Institut Français.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Matoussowsky 2019Matoussowsky, Charlotte 2019 “La formation en traduction de sciences humaines [Training in social sciences and humanities translation].” Traduire [Translate] 241: 6–18.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Rochlitz 2001Rochlitz, Rainer 2001 “Traduire les sciences humaines [Translating the human sciences].” Raisons politiques [Political Reasons] 2 (2): 65–77.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
一个复选框选择题
(5)从事人文社科学术翻译的经验年限别
García Izquierdo and Conde Ruano 2012García-Izquierdo, Isabel, and Tomás Conde 2012 “Investigating Specialized Translators: Corpus and Documentary Sources.” Ibérica: Journal of the European Association of Languages for Specific Purposes 23: 131–156.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Prieto Ramos 2020Prieto Ramos, Fernando 2020 “The Use of Resources for Legal Terminological Decision-Making: Patterns and Profile Variations among Institutional Translators.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 29 (2): 278–310.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
一个填空题
(6)就业类型别
Muñoz-Miquel 2018a 2018a “Differences between Linguists and Subject-Matter Experts in the Medical Translation Practice: An Empirical Descriptive Study with Professional Translators.” Target 30 (1): 24–52.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Pym et al. 2012Pym, Anthony, François Grin, Claudio Sfreddo, and Andy Chan 2012The Status of the Translation Profession in the European Union. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
一个选择题
(7)翻译培训背景别
ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm; Berrichi 2012Berrichi, Alice 2012 “La traduction en sciences sociales [Translation in the social sciences].” Traduire [Translate] 227: 16–28.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Wallerstein 1981Wallerstein, Immanuel 1981 “Concepts in the Social Sciences: Problems of Translation.” In Translation Spectrum: Essays in Theory and Practice, edited by Marilyn Gaddis Rose, 88–98. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
一个选择题
(8)作者出版经验别
Georgiou 2018Georgiou, Nadia 2018 “Regarding Symbolic Capital: Poetry Translators from Modern Greek into English.” HERMES — Journal of Language and Communication in Business 58: 99–115.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Muñoz-Miquel 2018b 2018b “Assessing How Closely Postgraduate Translation Programmes Fit the Reality of Professional Practice: A Case Study of the Spanish Context.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 12 (1): 89–109.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
一个选择题
译者翻译活动 (1)翻译任务获取途径别
Sulaiman et al. 2024Sulaiman, M. Zain, Haslina Haroon, Intan S. Zainudin, and Muhamad J. H. bin M. Yusoff 2024 “The Professionalisation of Translation Practice: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 32 (2): 295–318.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
一个复选框选择题 人文社科学术译者的翻译活动情况如何?
(2)翻译方向别
Heilbron 1999Heilbron, Johan 1999 “Towards a Sociology of Translation: Book Translations as a Cultural World-System.” European Journal of Social Theory 2 (4): 429–444.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Sapiro 2018 2018 “What Factors Determine the International Circulation of Scholarly Books? The Example of Translations Between English and French in the Era of Globalization.” In The Social and Human Sciences in Global Power Relations, edited by Johan Heilbron, Gustavo Sorá, and Thibaud Boncourt, 59–93. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
一个选择题
(3)翻译领域别
Muñoz-Miquel 2018b 2018b “Assessing How Closely Postgraduate Translation Programmes Fit the Reality of Professional Practice: A Case Study of the Spanish Context.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 12 (1): 89–109.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Prieto Ramos 2020Prieto Ramos, Fernando 2020 “The Use of Resources for Legal Terminological Decision-Making: Patterns and Profile Variations among Institutional Translators.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 29 (2): 278–310.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
一个复选框选择题、一个选择题
(4)中间人协作别
ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm; Annales 2020Annales 2020 “Une revue en langues: Les défis d’une édition bilingue [A journal in translation: The challenges of a bilingual editorial project].” Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales [Annals: History, Social Sciences] 75 (3): 573–582.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Berrichi 2012Berrichi, Alice 2012 “La traduction en sciences sociales [Translation in the social sciences].” Traduire [Translate] 227: 16–28.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Jansen 2019Jansen, Hanne 2019 “I’m a Translator and I’m Proud: How Literary Translators View Authors and Authorship.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 27 (5): 675–688.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Leclerc-Olive 2016Leclerc-Olive, Michèle 2016 “Traduire les sciences humaines: Auteur, traducteur et incertitudes [Translating the humanities: Author, translator and uncertainties].” Meta: Translators’ Journal 61 (1): 42–59.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Luo and Hyland 2019Luo, Na, and Ken Hyland 2019 “ ‘I Won’t Publish in Chinese Now’: Publishing, Translation and the Non-English Speaking Academic.” Journal of English for Academic Purposes 39: 37–47.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Morley and Kerans 2012Morley, Greg, and Mary Ellen Kerans 2012 “Bilingual Publication of Academic Journals: Motivations and Practicalities.” In Supporting Research Writing: Roles and Challenges in Multilingual Settings, edited by Valerie Matarese, 121–137. Oxford: Chandos.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Warnqvist 2019Warnqvist, Åsa 2019 “ ‘Don’t be too upset with your unchivalrous publisher’: Translator–Publisher Interactions in the Swedish Translations of L.M. Montgomery’s Anne and Emily Books.” Barnboken: Tidskrift för barnlitteraturforskning 42: 1–37.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
四个关于频率的七级李克特量表题项
(5)翻译质量管理措施别
ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm; Berrichi 2012Berrichi, Alice 2012 “La traduction en sciences sociales [Translation in the social sciences].” Traduire [Translate] 227: 16–28.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Leclerc-Olive 2016Leclerc-Olive, Michèle 2016 “Traduire les sciences humaines: Auteur, traducteur et incertitudes [Translating the humanities: Author, translator and uncertainties].” Meta: Translators’ Journal 61 (1): 42–59.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Limon 2010Limon, David 2010 “Translators as Cultural Mediators: Wish or Reality? A Question for Translation Studies.” In Why Translation Studies Matters, edited by Daniel Gile, Gyde Hansen, and Nike K. Pokorn, 29–40. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Tietze 2018Tietze, Susanne 2018 “Multilingual Research, Monolingual Publications: Management Scholarship in English Only?European Journal of International Management 12 (1/2): 28–45.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
四个关于频率的七级李克特量表题项
(6)关于对翻译的误解的经历别
Dam and Zethsen 2010Dam, Helle V., and Karen Korning Zethsen 2010 “Translator Status: Helpers and Opponents in the Ongoing Battle of an Emerging Profession.” Target 22 (2): 194–211.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Tietze 2018Tietze, Susanne 2018 “Multilingual Research, Monolingual Publications: Management Scholarship in English Only?European Journal of International Management 12 (1/2): 28–45.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
一个关于频率的七级李克特量表题项
(7)薪酬满意度别
Bosser 2012Bosser, Sylvie 2012 “Pratiques et représentations de la traduction en sciences humaines et sociales: éditeurs généralistes et maisons d’édition savants [Practices and representations of translation in the humanities and social sciences: Generalist publishers and scholarly publishing houses].” In Traduire la littérature et les sciences humaines: conditions et obstacles [Translating literature and human sciences: Conditions and obstacles], edited by Gisèle Sapiro, 249–271. Paris: Ministère de la Culture — DEPS.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Wirth 2012Wirth, Françoise 2012 “Traduire la littérature et les sciences humaines — conditions et obstacles, sous la direction de Gisèle Sapiro [Translating Literature and the Humanities — Conditions and Obstacles, edited by Gisèle Sapiro].” Traduire [Translate] 227: 121–125. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
一个关于频率的七级李克特量表题项

问卷经由具备人文社科文本翻译经验的研究人员检查,确认问题清晰易懂后正式投入使用。因人文社科学术译者的人数有限,为保证问卷参与度,未向目标译者群体发放问卷进行试测。问卷在正式投放前调整了部分细节,如简化措辞、新增部分题项等。

本研究采用了方便抽样的方法,招募尽可能多的潜在参与者(Saldanha and O’Brien 2014Saldanha, Gabriela, and Sharon O’Brien 2014Research Methodologies in Translation Studies. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 34)。由于目前暂无译者协会或行业指南备有完整的官方名单,统计人文社科学术译者的总人数较为困难。因抽样框未知,研究无法采取概率抽样方法获取样本。方便抽样的研究样本有以下两个来源:双语出版期刊官方网站以及译者协会、团体网站。删除重复译者后,研究人员最终确定了346位译者作为本研究的样本。

从上述两个来源中选取样本是项颇为耗时的工作。针对双语出版期刊,研究人员通过其官方网站查看期刊文章是否标明其译者。这些期刊网站包括:Cairn.info(法语国家人文社科学科期刊电子平台)、OpenEdition Journals(欧洲人文社科期刊电子平台)、SciELO(巴西期刊电子平台)、HRČAK(克罗地亚科学期刊门户网站)、Taylor and Francis(一家出版多本西班牙双语期刊的出版社)等。上述期刊网站以不同方式标注其译者,如在文章的脚注或尾注中列出译者的姓名(及其电子邮箱),或将译者列入编委会、封面设计师和语言编辑团队,呈现于期刊网页。该部分译者样本的选取标准为:译者应至少发表过四篇译文,其联系方式可通过互联网姓名检索或者查看其个人网站或领英(LinkedIn)页面获得。

样本另一个来源为译者协会、团体网站。研究人员访问的网站包括:Books and Ideas(书籍与思想);Association of Literary Translators of France(法国文学译者协会);Flanders Literature(弗兰德斯文学社);Mediterranean Editors and Translators(地中海编辑与译者协会);Association of Translators and Publishers in the Social Sciences(社会科学译者与出版商协会);Swedish Association of Professional Translators(瑞典职业译者协会);Italian Association of Translators and Interpreters(意大利口笔译协会);Spanish Association of Translators, Proofreaders and Interpreters(西班牙校对和口笔译协会);Belgian Chamber of Translators and Interpreters(比利时口笔译协会);Institute of Translation and Interpreting-Spanish Network(口笔译研究所—西班牙网络);American Translators Association(美国译者协会)等。通过上述译者协会、团体网站的检索功能,研究人员可以获得人文社科学术译者名单,其中多数译者注明了有效的联系方式。该部分译者样本的选取标准为:译者需以人文社科文本翻译为主要方向,并在个人简介中明确声明其具有人文社科学术书籍或文章翻译的经验。译者的工作语言不作为样本筛选的标准。个别翻译协会网站要求访客必须设置译者的工作语言才能进行检索,这种情况下,研究人员将英语以及该协会所在国家或地区的官方语言设置为译者的工作语言。

问卷以线上调查的方式发放。研究人员通过电子邮件及领英信息邀请译者样本参与本项研究,向参与者解释了本次研究目的,并承诺了参与的自愿性、保密性、匿名性。

问卷数据收集始于2023年1月10日,截止于2023年2月25日,历时六周。346位译者中,有60位通过领英信息联系,286位通过电子邮件联系。26封电子邮件因邮箱地址无效或邮件过滤而被退回。联系的译者中,有54位完成并提交了调查问卷(回复率:17%)。问卷调查的回复率通常不高于20%(Kumar 2014Kumar, Ranjit 2014Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. 4th ed. London: Sage.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 149),当目标群体是专业人士或职员时更低(Shih and Fan 2008Shih, Tse-Hua, and Xitao Fan 2008 “Comparing Response Rates from Web and Mail Surveys: A Meta-Analysis.” Field Methods 20 (3): 249–271.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 259)。在现有译者身份档案调查研究中(主要为在线调查),相当一部分调查没有报告其回复率。在已报告回复率的前人研究中,回复率通常很低,在10%到30%之间(García Izquierdo and Conde Ruano 2012García-Izquierdo, Isabel, and Tomás Conde 2012 “Investigating Specialized Translators: Corpus and Documentary Sources.” Ibérica: Journal of the European Association of Languages for Specific Purposes 23: 131–156.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 135; Solová 2015Solová, Regina 2015 “The Polish Sworn Translator: Current Training Profile and Perspectives.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 9 (2): 243–259.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 244)。

图一所示,参与者来自12个国家:13位来自法国,11位来自英国,8位来自美国,8位来自西班牙,8位来自巴西,余下7位分别来自其他七个国家。参与者通过10级评分量表(从“1-非专业译者”到“10-专业译者”)对自己的专业化程度进行自我评价,评分结果表明他们是专业的人文社科学术译者(平均值为7.63,中位数为8)。关于其所译人文社科学术书籍和文章的数量,有1位参与者没有作答;余下53位参与者平均每人翻译了10.67本书(中位数为3)和 114.89篇文章(中位数为22.5),其中 43人同时具有书籍和文章翻译经验(1人无文章翻译经验,10人无书籍翻译经验)。以上数据证明,本研究所选译者样本质量良好、有代表性,属于经验丰富的人文社科学术译者。

图 一.译者样本居住国家或地区(样本数=54)
图 一.

清洗并转换数据后,研究人员使用IBM SPSS统计软件包(IBM Corp 2010IBM Corp 2010IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 19.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)分析数据,采用描述性统计方法对结果进行总结(频率、平均值、中位数等)。

由于缺少抽样框,方便抽样法为本次问卷调查的最佳选择,但仍需指出,方便抽样法一定程度上限制了研究结果的普适性。后文有关人文社科学术译者的身份档案和翻译活动的描述性统计结果适用于本研究的样本群体,不可直接推论及整个人文社科学术译者群体。

4.研究结果与讨论

4.1译者身份档案

本节呈现与人文社科学术译者身份档案相关的研究结果。样本译者群体中,女性译者比例(57%)仅略高于男性译者比例(43%)。数据表明,就本译者群体而言,人文社科学术翻译并非女性占主导地位的领域。这与前人关于专业领域(法律或医疗)译者的研究结果有所不同。前人研究发现,在法律或医疗翻译领域,女性译者的比例可高达70%(参见García Izquierdo and Conde Ruano 2012García-Izquierdo, Isabel, and Tomás Conde 2012 “Investigating Specialized Translators: Corpus and Documentary Sources.” Ibérica: Journal of the European Association of Languages for Specific Purposes 23: 131–156.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 136; Muñoz-Miquel 2018a 2018a “Differences between Linguists and Subject-Matter Experts in the Medical Translation Practice: An Empirical Descriptive Study with Professional Translators.” Target 30 (1): 24–52.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 33; Bednárová-Gibová 2021Bednárová-Gibová, Klaudia 2021 “How Happy Are Legal Translators at Their Work? Further Findings from a Cognitive-affective Enquiry.” Translation Studies 15 (1): 1–20.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 7)。在27位没有语言学或翻译学背景的译者样本中,男性译者占比略高于女性译者(男性为56%,女性为44%)。因此,没有足够证据表明女性在人文社科学术翻译领域占主导地位。

问卷包含与译者母语和工作外语相关的题项。样本译者群体共给出了七种母语,其中英语的出现频率最高,其次为法语、葡萄牙语、西班牙语、意大利语。样本译者群体共给出了十六种工作外语,其中法语的出现频率最高,其次为英语、西班牙语、意大利语、德语、葡萄牙语(见图二图三)。数据表明,就本研究涉及的学术译者群体而言,人文社科知识主要以英语、法语、西班牙语、意大利语、德语、葡萄牙语为语言媒介进行传播,这几类语言在人文社科学科领域处于核心地位。这一现象可能与部分国家的有关机构积极向国际社会推广本土知识有关,例如,法国人文社科研究所(Institute of Human and Social Sciences in France)支持促进法国人文社科的国际化,西班牙儿童与学习基金会(Childhood and Learning Foundation in Spain)致力于在国际科学界传播本土人文科学。

图 二.译者样本母语
图 二.
图 三.译者样本工作外语
图 三.

结果显示,样本译者群体的教育程度较高。约41%的参与者拥有博士学位,37%的参与者拥有硕士学位(见图四)。与文学、商务、法律和医学译者相比,人文社科学术译者群体中拥有博士学位的译者比例尤为高(参见García Izquierdo and Conde Ruano 2012García-Izquierdo, Isabel, and Tomás Conde 2012 “Investigating Specialized Translators: Corpus and Documentary Sources.” Ibérica: Journal of the European Association of Languages for Specific Purposes 23: 131–156.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 137; Slessor 2020Slessor, Stephen 2020 “Tenacious Technophobes or Nascent Technophiles? A Survey of The Technological Practices and Needs of Literary Translators.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 28 (2): 238–252.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 6; Bednárová-Gibová 2021Bednárová-Gibová, Klaudia 2021 “How Happy Are Legal Translators at Their Work? Further Findings from a Cognitive-affective Enquiry.” Translation Studies 15 (1): 1–20.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 8; Ruokonen and Svahn 2022Ruokonen, Minna, and Elin Svahn 2022 “Comparative Research into Translator Status: Finland and Sweden as a Case in Point.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 30 (5): 859–875.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 7)。上述结果或许意味着高等学历在当前人文社科学术译者群体中较为常见。样本译者群体学位的多样性也证实了进入翻译行业并不严格要求正式学术资质(参见Pym et al. 2012Pym, Anthony, François Grin, Claudio Sfreddo, and Andy Chan 2012The Status of the Translation Profession in the European Union. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 20)。

图 四.译者样本教育背景(样本数=54)
图 四.

本研究的样本译者群体中,超过一半的译者以作者身份发表过学术成果,这是人文社科学术译者的一个显著特点。约57%的译者样本以作者身份发表过学术文章、章节或专著。他们不仅会翻译学术作品,还撰写学术文本。前人研究表明,译者在翻译过程中通常还扮演其他角色,如编辑和校对(参见Muñoz-Miquel 2018b 2018b “Assessing How Closely Postgraduate Translation Programmes Fit the Reality of Professional Practice: A Case Study of the Spanish Context.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 12 (1): 89–109.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 6)。本研究表明,除学术翻译活动之外,人文社科学术译者还从事学术研究工作,这或许是学术译者区别于非专业译者或其他专业领域译者的特征之一。

如果译作标注了译者姓名,译者的高等教育水平与学术研究背景或能提升其象征资本。研究表明,译者的身份档案(教育背景、专业经验等)对译作的评价与接受起着重要作用,甚至可能取代读者对译作的批判性解读(参见Ziemann 2018Ziemann, Zofia 2018 “Translator Profile in the Discourse around Translation: Promotion and Reception of the English Translations of the Fiction of Bruno Schulz.” HERMES — Journal of Language and Communication in Business 58: 139–155.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 148)。

译者的学科知识领域(通过高等教育专业学习或类似性质的系统培训获得)具有多样性。按其学科知识背景划分,样本译者群体可大致分为两类:一类是具有语言学或翻译学知识的语言专家译者(48%),另一类是具有一种或多种人文社科学科知识但欠缺语言学或翻译学知识的学科专家译者(50%)。样本译者群体中,只有一位(2%)既非语言专家译者也非学科专家译者。在本研究中,语言学和翻译学被归为同类学科。尽管口笔译培训早在20世纪三四十年代开始,五六十年代被纳入大学教育(Caminade and Pym 1998Caminade, Monique, and Anthony Pym 1998 “Translator Training Institutions.” In The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, edited by Mona Baker, 280–285. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 284),翻译学作为一门独立学科从语言学中分离出来的时间相对较晚,翻译学在诸多国家曾长期属于语言学学科门类之下。译者的学科知识涉及多个领域,如人类学、社会学、艺术学、历史学、教育学、哲学等。

总体而言,本研究与前人对非专业译者及医学、法律、文学等领域译者的研究结果一致(参见Georgiou 2018Georgiou, Nadia 2018 “Regarding Symbolic Capital: Poetry Translators from Modern Greek into English.” HERMES — Journal of Language and Communication in Business 58: 99–115.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 109; Muñoz-Miquel 2018b 2018b “Assessing How Closely Postgraduate Translation Programmes Fit the Reality of Professional Practice: A Case Study of the Spanish Context.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 12 (1): 89–109.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 5; Prieto Ramos 2020Prieto Ramos, Fernando 2020 “The Use of Resources for Legal Terminological Decision-Making: Patterns and Profile Variations among Institutional Translators.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 29 (2): 278–310.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 13; Slessor 2020Slessor, Stephen 2020 “Tenacious Technophobes or Nascent Technophiles? A Survey of The Technological Practices and Needs of Literary Translators.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 28 (2): 238–252.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 6; Bednárová-Gibová 2021Bednárová-Gibová, Klaudia 2021 “How Happy Are Legal Translators at Their Work? Further Findings from a Cognitive-affective Enquiry.” Translation Studies 15 (1): 1–20.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 8; Tor-Carroggio and Rovira-Esteva 2021Tor-Carroggio, Irene, and Sara Rovira-Esteva 2021 “El traductor literario del chino en España: Un estudio cualitativo basado en entrevistas [The Chinese literature translator in Spain: An interview-based qualitative study].” Sendebar: Revista de Traducción e Interpretación [Sendebar: Journal of Translation and Interpretation] 32: 177–195.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 177; Ruokonen and Svahn 2022Ruokonen, Minna, and Elin Svahn 2022 “Comparative Research into Translator Status: Finland and Sweden as a Case in Point.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 30 (5): 859–875.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 7),证实了翻译市场不要求译者具有翻译专业背景(参见Dam and Zethsen 2010Dam, Helle V., and Karen Korning Zethsen 2010 “Translator Status: Helpers and Opponents in the Ongoing Battle of an Emerging Profession.” Target 22 (2): 194–211.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 205; Pym, Orrego-Carmona, and Torres-Simón 2016Pym, Anthony, David Orrego-Carmona, and Esther Torres-Simón 2016 “Status and Technology in the Professionalisation of Translators: Market Disorder and the Return of Hierarchy.” The Journal of Specialised Translation 25 (1): 33–53.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 51)。本译者群体学科知识背景的多样性表明,他们已在研究领域积累了一定的象征资本,具备研究人员的身份属性,但这也可能削弱其译者身份(参见Georgiou 2018Georgiou, Nadia 2018 “Regarding Symbolic Capital: Poetry Translators from Modern Greek into English.” HERMES — Journal of Language and Communication in Business 58: 99–115.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 99)。研究结果还验证了前人文献中的其他论述,即学科专家译者和职业译者(语言专家译者)是人文社科学术译者的两大主要群体(Wallerstein 1981Wallerstein, Immanuel 1981 “Concepts in the Social Sciences: Problems of Translation.” In Translation Spectrum: Essays in Theory and Practice, edited by Marilyn Gaddis Rose, 88–98. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 89; Rochlitz 2001Rochlitz, Rainer 2001 “Traduire les sciences humaines [Translating the human sciences].” Raisons politiques [Political Reasons] 2 (2): 65–77.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 72; Frisani, Coy, and Sapiro 2014Frisani, Marcella, Jill Mc Coy, and Gisèle Sapiro 2014 “Les traducteurs de sciences humaines et sociales aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni [Humanities and social science translators in the United States and the United Kingdom].” In Sciences humaines en traduction: Les livres français aux États-Unis, au Royaume-Uni et en Argentine [Humanities in translation: French books in the United States, United Kingdom and Argentina], edited by Gisèle Sapiro, 158–174. Paris: Institut Français.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 159; Matoussowsky 2019Matoussowsky, Charlotte 2019 “La formation en traduction de sciences humaines [Training in social sciences and humanities translation].” Traduire [Translate] 241: 6–18.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 13; Annales 2020Annales 2020 “Une revue en langues: Les défis d’une édition bilingue [A journal in translation: The challenges of a bilingual editorial project].” Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales [Annals: History, Social Sciences] 75 (3): 573–582.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)。

本样本群体的翻译培训背景具有多样性。如图五所示,约20%的参与者没有接受过任何形式的翻译培训,约17%的参与者通过自学掌握了翻译技能,仅18%的参与者在高等教育期间将翻译作为其专业之一。上述结果表明,如前文所示,翻译市场不要求译者具有翻译专业背景。这表明,学界提出的观点,即人文社科学术文本应由既掌握双语、又有翻译培训背景和学科知识储备的译者翻译(ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm, 5),只是一种主观臆想。现实是,人文社科学术译者往往并不完全具备学界期待的背景和资质。研究结果表明,多数译者主要通过两种途径获得翻译技能:一种是翻译课程及研讨会,另一种是自学。在此背景下,高校应当考虑为毕业后可能从事翻译工作的人文社科专业学生开设翻译培训课程,社会科学工作者也应当认识到为年轻一代学者提供翻译培训的重要性,这样才能提升人文社科学术译作的质量,使之更好地服务于人文社科学界。此外,译者协会可以考虑为没有语言学或翻译学专业背景的人文社科学术译者开展翻译培训研讨会。地中海编辑与译者协会(Mediterranean Editors and Translators)是一个良好范例。该协会由语言专业人士组成,定期组织特定领域翻译和编辑技能的研讨会,以供会员交流学习。

图 五.译者样本翻译培训背景(样本数=54)
图 五.

研究结果显示,翻译行业对译者的学术背景没有硬性要求,这表明翻译行业并未使用特定的行业标准(学术资质)规范翻译职业的从业资质(参见Sulaiman et al. 2024Sulaiman, M. Zain, Haslina Haroon, Intan S. Zainudin, and Muhamad J. H. bin M. Yusoff 2024 “The Professionalisation of Translation Practice: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 32 (2): 295–318.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar,303)。其可能后果是,译者能力好坏难以通过相关资质背景加以区分。此外,翻译行业市场准入门槛低、工作领域缺少保护的特点说明翻译行业尚不是一个完全成熟的职业领域,可能容易导致其他问题(译者地位低、不公平竞争、译作质量良莠不齐等)(参见Pym et al. 2012Pym, Anthony, François Grin, Claudio Sfreddo, and Andy Chan 2012The Status of the Translation Profession in the European Union. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 94; Barabé 2021Barabé, Donald 2021 “Translation Status: A Professional Approach.” The Journal of Specialised Translation 36: 165–183. https://​www​.jostrans​.org​/issue36​/art​_barabe​.pdf, 175)。

参与研究的译者填写了其从事人文社科学术翻译工作的年限。结果显示,样本译者群体平均拥有16.89年的翻译经验(中位数为15),表明样本译者群体为经验丰富的专业译者。译者样本从事人文社科文本翻译年限的人数分布如图六所示。

图 六.译者样本从事人文社科学术文本的经验年限(样本量=54)
图 六.

自由译者是本译者群体中占比最多的就业类型。如图七所示,约72%的参与者为自由译者,仅8%的参与者为公司译者。研究结果与前人对医学译者的研究一致(参见Muñoz-Miquel 2018a 2018a “Differences between Linguists and Subject-Matter Experts in the Medical Translation Practice: An Empirical Descriptive Study with Professional Translators.” Target 30 (1): 24–52.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 33),表明自由译者是翻译市场中的主要就业类型(参见Pym et al. 2012Pym, Anthony, François Grin, Claudio Sfreddo, and Andy Chan 2012The Status of the Translation Profession in the European Union. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 3)。人文社科学术译者与非专业译者、文学译者或其他专业领域译者不同,后者群体多为兼职译者(参见Pym et al. 2012Pym, Anthony, François Grin, Claudio Sfreddo, and Andy Chan 2012The Status of the Translation Profession in the European Union. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 88; Blum and Hofeneder 2020Blum, Hanna, and Philipp Hofeneder 2020 “Specialized Translators in the GDR: Professionals across Politics, Scientific Knowledge and Translatorial Competence.” Translation and Interpreting Studies 15 (3): 333–353.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 347; Bednárová-Gibová and Majherová 2021Bednárová-Gibová, Klaudia, and Mária Majherová 2021 “Academic Literary Translators: A Happy ‘Elite’or Not? Some Insights from Correlational Research.” The Translator 27 (2): 167–189.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 9),而本研究中的样本译者群体半数以上为全职译者(见图七)。某一专业领域兼职译者比例较高,意味着这部分译者可能很容易转向其他工作,进而导致该领域译者资源不稳定,阻碍该领域译者的专业化(参见Pym et al. 2012Pym, Anthony, François Grin, Claudio Sfreddo, and Andy Chan 2012The Status of the Translation Profession in the European Union. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 88)。本译者群体的全职率较高,表明稳定一致是人文社科学术译者的一大特点。

图 七.译者样本就业类型(样本数=54)
图 七.

4.2翻译活动

本节呈现关于样本译者群体翻译活动的研究结果。

在翻译任务获取途径方面(见图八),多数参与者通过人际关系获取翻译任务,如通过同事、朋友、教授、前客户、译者同行或其他有交际的个体,或是通过关系网中的出版社或期刊工作人员等。结果表明,人文社科学术翻译领域译者与客户的关系大多通过客户与同事的口头介绍建立,这意味着翻译市场是无序市场,缺少公认的、系统化的行业平台,客户选择译者时无从参考(参见Sulaiman et al. 2022, 9)。36号参与者的评论也体现了这一点:“我在发表博士论文时翻译了大量引用的文献,凭借这一点,我(从编辑那里)获得了翻译任务。”

图 八.译者样本翻译任务获取途径(样本量=54)
图 八.

译者样本翻译的文章或专著的主题领域具有多样性的特点。如图九所示,译作涵盖的主题十分广泛,翻译频率最高的主题包括社会学、历史学、哲学、政治学、文化研究、人类学等。结果显示,本译者群体的翻译领域与其背景学科知识领域不完全一致,约有87%的参与者翻译过其背景学科知识范围之外的学术文本。

图 九.译者样本翻译领域与其背景学科知识领域的比较
图 九.

本译者群体的主要翻译方向为从本土语言到英语。如图十所示,约50%的参与者仅将本土语言文本译为英语,约20%的参与者主要将本土语言文本译为英语;仅少数翻译方向为从英语到本土语言。上述结果与当前文献描述一致,英语已成为科学交流的通用语言,在目前国际翻译体系中占主导地位。本研究中,多数样本译者表示自己有为人文社科期刊翻译学术文章的经历。将本土语言学术文章译为英语有其特定交际目的,考虑到英语在学术交流中的主导地位及其在国际翻译体系中的中介作用,非英语国家的学者会将其学术文章译为英语以获得同行认可和更高知名度(参见Morley and Kerans 2012Morley, Greg, and Mary Ellen Kerans 2012 “Bilingual Publication of Academic Journals: Motivations and Practicalities.” In Supporting Research Writing: Roles and Challenges in Multilingual Settings, edited by Valerie Matarese, 121–137. Oxford: Chandos.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 121; Cianflone 2014Cianflone, Eugenio 2014 “Communicating Science in International English: Scholarly Journals, Publication Praxis, Language Domain Loss and Benefits.” Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación [Circle of Applied Linguistics for Communication] 57: 45–58.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 55; Bartholomäus et al. 2015Bartholomäus, Elke, Sandy Goldbeck-Wood, Meike Sewering, and Christopher Baethge 2015 “Experiences with Bilingual Publishing: Surveys of Authors and Editors.” Learned Publishing 28 (4): 283–291.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 29)。虽然将本土语言文本译为英语可能进一步加强英语作为知识传播优势媒介的主导地位,但也可以增加文章被译为其他语言的机会(参见Karpińska 2019Karpińska, Patrycja 2019 “The Sociological Turn in Translation Studies and Pierre Bourdieu’s Sociology: A Case of Convergence or Divergence?” In Languages — Cultures — Worldviews, edited by Adam Głaz, 137–156. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 146)。翻译方向主要从本土语言到英语这一研究结果与前文报告的主要翻译领域一致。人文社科学术翻译领域占主导地位的学科,如社会学、历史学、文化研究,都是非英语国家政府或本土机构致力于在全球范围内以英语形式大力传播的领域。

图 十.翻译方向(样本数=54)
图 十.

学界现有对学术翻译方向的研究大都聚焦学术专著的翻译。研究发现,信息更多地从中心语言(目前为英语,曾为法语、德语与英语)流向边缘语言、从中心国家流向边缘国家(Heilbron 1999Heilbron, Johan 1999 “Towards a Sociology of Translation: Book Translations as a Cultural World-System.” European Journal of Social Theory 2 (4): 429–444.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 435)。此外,边缘语言之间的翻译以英语为中介;从边缘语言译为英语的文本更有可能被译为其他边缘语言(Heilbron 1999Heilbron, Johan 1999 “Towards a Sociology of Translation: Book Translations as a Cultural World-System.” European Journal of Social Theory 2 (4): 429–444.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 435)。法国、德国和美国曾是人文社科领域的学术中心,但随着美国主导地位的增强,更多英语专著被译为本土语言(Sapiro 2018 2018 “What Factors Determine the International Circulation of Scholarly Books? The Example of Translations Between English and French in the Era of Globalization.” In The Social and Human Sciences in Global Power Relations, edited by Johan Heilbron, Gustavo Sorá, and Thibaud Boncourt, 59–93. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 64; Warren 2018Warren, Jean-Philippe 2018 “La traduction en sciences humaines et sociales au Canada : Dynamiques générales et impacts du PAES [Translation in the social sciences and humanities in Canada: General dynamics and impact of the ASPP]. Recherches sociographiques [Sociographic Research] 59 (3): 385–409.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 397)。即使边缘国家在知识领域上有所创新,其所产生的新知识也通常会使用英语撰写或被译为英语文本,通过中心国家权威学者的同行评审后再传播至其他边缘国家(Sapiro, Santoro and Baert 2020Sapiro, Gisèle, Marco Santoro, and Patrick Baert 2020Introduction. In Ideas on the Move in the Social Sciences and Humanities, edited by Gisèle Sapiro, Marco Santoro, and Patrick Baert, 1–27. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 6)。

语言在国际翻译市场中的地位由多个因素决定。从社会学角度看,海尔布伦(Heilbron)(1999Heilbron, Johan 1999 “Towards a Sociology of Translation: Book Translations as a Cultural World-System.” European Journal of Social Theory 2 (4): 429–444.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar,64)认为,语言在国际翻译体系中的主导地位由其使用国家的文化输出能力决定,文化输出能力取决于该国家语言文化的国际地位,而国家的文化国际地位又是该国政治经济实力的体现。英语在国际翻译体系中的主导地位取决于英语强大的文化输出能力,而其强大的文化输出能力源于英语国家的政治经济实力。此外,学科在国际社会中的象征资本同样可以决定该学科的翻译方向(Sapiro 2018 2018 “What Factors Determine the International Circulation of Scholarly Books? The Example of Translations Between English and French in the Era of Globalization.” In The Social and Human Sciences in Global Power Relations, edited by Johan Heilbron, Gustavo Sorá, and Thibaud Boncourt, 59–93. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 65)。历史上,不同国家在不同学科领域具有优势。如果某些非英语国家在某学科领域的知识产生方面占主导地位,这些国家可能成为该学科领域的知识输出国,其本土语言著作就有可能被译为英语。另外,部分国家向全球积极推广本土文化和知识的措施也可以提升某种语言在翻译体系中的地位,如法国人文社科研究所(France-based Institute of Human and Social Sciences)和西班牙儿童与学习基金会(Spain-based Childhood and Learning Foundation)都致力于在国际科学界传播本土人文社科知识。

本研究表明,作者与编辑在一定程度上参与了翻译过程。表二通过七分制李克特量表(从“1-从不”到“7-每次”)呈现了参与者对中间人协作、翻译质量管理措施、关于翻译误解的经历与薪酬满意度等翻译活动的评价。参与者对于中间人协作的自我评价中,与作者沟通的发生频率平均值为3.94,接近“4-有时(涉及50%的任务)”;与编辑沟通的发生频率平均值为3.09,接近“3-偶尔(涉及30%的任务)”。样本译者群体与其他译者或专业领域专家的合作较少,自评均值较低。学界提出,除作者与编辑外(ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm, 6; Berrichi 2012Berrichi, Alice 2012 “La traduction en sciences sociales [Translation in the social sciences].” Traduire [Translate] 227: 16–28.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 18; Morley and Kerans 2012Morley, Greg, and Mary Ellen Kerans 2012 “Bilingual Publication of Academic Journals: Motivations and Practicalities.” In Supporting Research Writing: Roles and Challenges in Multilingual Settings, edited by Valerie Matarese, 121–137. Oxford: Chandos.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 128),学科领域专家及其他语言专业人士(ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm, 13; Berrichi 2012Berrichi, Alice 2012 “La traduction en sciences sociales [Translation in the social sciences].” Traduire [Translate] 227: 16–28.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 18; Leclerc-Olive 2016Leclerc-Olive, Michèle 2016 “Traduire les sciences humaines: Auteur, traducteur et incertitudes [Translating the humanities: Author, translator and uncertainties].” Meta: Translators’ Journal 61 (1): 42–59.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 43)也应参与到翻译活动中,然而,研究结果显示,就本译者群体而言,翻译过程中仅作者和编辑与译者有所协作。这也表明,作者和编辑可能参与到了翻译活动中并可能对翻译产品产生间接影响(参见Jansen 2019Jansen, Hanne 2019 “I’m a Translator and I’m Proud: How Literary Translators View Authors and Authorship.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 27 (5): 675–688.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 10; Warnqvist 2019Warnqvist, Åsa 2019 “ ‘Don’t be too upset with your unchivalrous publisher’: Translator–Publisher Interactions in the Swedish Translations of L.M. Montgomery’s Anne and Emily Books.” Barnboken: Tidskrift för barnlitteraturforskning 42: 1–37.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 21)。

表 二.译者样本的翻译活动(样本数=54)
题项 最小值 最大值 平均值 中位数 标准差
中间人协作 我与编辑沟通,共同探讨翻译过程中的问题和策略。 1 7 3.09 3 1.67
我与作者沟通,共同探讨翻译过程中的问题和策略。 1 7 3.94 4 1.91
我与另一位译者合作承担给定任务(一位精通源语或以源语为母语,另一位精通目的语或以目的语为母语)。 1 6 1.50 1  .89
我与另一位专业人士合作完成给定任务(一位是相关学科领域专家,另一位是语言专业人士)。 1 7 1.80 1 1.39
翻译质量管理措施 承担翻译任务前,我被要求进行了例文试译,接受译文质量评估。 1 6 2.46 2 1.54
翻译过程中,对方提供了翻译准则。 1 7 2.70 2 1.62
翻译过程中,对方提供了出版格式要求。 1 7 2.85 2 1.71
翻译过程中,编辑或出版商提供了翻译任务指令,明确译文的目标语境及目标读者。 1 5 1.85 1 1.27
关于对翻译误解的经历 我觉得作者与编辑没有将翻译视为简单的、机械性的语言转换。 1 7 4.70 5 1.89
薪酬满意度 翻译的薪酬令人满意。 1 7 4.50 5 1.75

在翻译质量管理措施方面,例文试译、向译者提供出版格式要求、翻译准则或任务指令等措施在翻译过程中并不常见。根据参与者的自我评价(见表二),例文试译和向译者提供出版格式要求或翻译准则的平均值在“2-很少(涉及不到10%的任务)”和“3-偶尔(涉及30%的任务)”之间;向译者提供翻译任务指令的平均值在“1-从未有过”和“2-很少(涉及10%以下的任务)”之间。尽管学界建议,例文试译、出版格式、翻译准则和任务指令的提供应是翻译质量管理措施的标准做法(ACLS 2006ACLS 2006Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. https://​www​.acls​.org​/sstp​.htm, 7; Tietze 2018Tietze, Susanne 2018 “Multilingual Research, Monolingual Publications: Management Scholarship in English Only?European Journal of International Management 12 (1/2): 28–45.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 16; 参见Limon 2010Limon, David 2010 “Translators as Cultural Mediators: Wish or Reality? A Question for Translation Studies.” In Why Translation Studies Matters, edited by Daniel Gile, Gyde Hansen, and Nike K. Pokorn, 29–40. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 34),但事实上,这些措施在实际翻译过程中并不常见,这可能会对译作翻译质量造成不利影响。例如,与翻译已发表文章或书籍以供二次出版相比,翻译原创性文章或书籍以通过同行评审和首次出版可能需要译者采取更为积极的翻译策略。然而,若缺少明确、简要的翻译任务指令,目的语文本功能不明确,译者更倾向于使用想象的翻译指令推测目的语功能,采用保守的翻译策略,完全忠实于原文,避免使用归化策略(参见 Limon 2010Limon, David 2010 “Translators as Cultural Mediators: Wish or Reality? A Question for Translation Studies.” In Why Translation Studies Matters, edited by Daniel Gile, Gyde Hansen, and Nike K. Pokorn, 29–40. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 34)。

结果显示,样本译者群体普遍认为,作者与编辑没有将翻译视为机械性语言转换。在参与者的自我评价中,作者与编辑没有将翻译视为机械性的语言转换的平均值在“4-有时(涉及50%的任务)”和“5-经常(涉及70%的任务)”之间(见表二)。现有文献指出,公众普遍低估了翻译的复杂性,将其视为机械性的、非创造性的活动(参见Dam and Zethsen 2010Dam, Helle V., and Karen Korning Zethsen 2010 “Translator Status: Helpers and Opponents in the Ongoing Battle of an Emerging Profession.” Target 22 (2): 194–211.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 207),部分学者可能也持有这种误解(Tietze 2018Tietze, Susanne 2018 “Multilingual Research, Monolingual Publications: Management Scholarship in English Only?European Journal of International Management 12 (1/2): 28–45.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 16)。本研究表明,人文社科学术译者认为,人文社科学术文本的作者与编辑比普通公众更了解翻译的性质。

结果显示,样本译者群体的薪酬满意度整体较高。参与者认为,多数时候翻译的薪酬令人满意,其评价大多在“4-有时(涉及50%的任务)”和“5-经常(涉及70%的任务)”之间(见表二)。然而,译者对薪酬的满意度并不能说明译者薪酬是否真正合适。由于研究没有收集关于译者薪酬的数据,样本译者群体的绝对薪酬水平高低(与基准水平相比)尚不得而知。现有文献表明,译者的薪酬水平整体不高(参见Dam and Zethsen 2010Dam, Helle V., and Karen Korning Zethsen 2010 “Translator Status: Helpers and Opponents in the Ongoing Battle of an Emerging Profession.” Target 22 (2): 194–211.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 206; Pym et al. 2012Pym, Anthony, François Grin, Claudio Sfreddo, and Andy Chan 2012The Status of the Translation Profession in the European Union. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 99)。有学者认为,人文社科学术译者同样不能保证获得满意的薪酬(Bosser 2012Bosser, Sylvie 2012 “Pratiques et représentations de la traduction en sciences humaines et sociales: éditeurs généralistes et maisons d’édition savants [Practices and representations of translation in the humanities and social sciences: Generalist publishers and scholarly publishing houses].” In Traduire la littérature et les sciences humaines: conditions et obstacles [Translating literature and human sciences: Conditions and obstacles], edited by Gisèle Sapiro, 249–271. Paris: Ministère de la Culture — DEPS.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 250)。人文社科学术译者对薪酬的高满意度可能反映了译者自身对翻译的热爱(在薪酬水平较低的前提下),但也可能是因为人文社科学术译者所获实际薪酬的确高于非专业译者或其他专业领域译者。这一点值得今后进一步研究探索。

5.结论

本研究旨在描述人文社科学术译者的身份档案及其翻译活动。研究结果验证了人文社科学术译者与非专业译者、其他专业领域译者之间的共性。样本译者群体中,多数译者为自由译者;半数以上的译者具有人文社科专业领域的学术资质,仅少数具有翻译专业背景,其余部分译者通过相关课程、研讨会或自学获得翻译技能;部分译者没有接受过任何形式的翻译培训。译者学术背景的多样性与系统翻译培训的缺失表明,翻译市场准入门槛低,职业边界模糊,这可能会对翻译职业化发展产生负面影响。

人文社科学术译者也具有独特属性。研究表明,与其他专业领域译者研究的结果不同,在人文社科学术翻译领域,女性译者并不占主导地位;多数译者拥有较高的教育水平,半数以上译者以作者身份发表过学术成果,这些优势或能增加译者象征资本。从其从事人文社科学术翻译的年限来看,本译者群体为经验丰富的专业译者。人文社科学术译者与其他专业领域译者的另一个不同点是,前者中全职译者的比例大于兼职译者,这表明人文社科学术译者的职业群体具有较强的稳定性。此外,本译者群体工作语言表明,人文社科知识主要以英语、法语、西班牙语、意大利语、德语、葡萄牙语为语言媒介进行传播。与其他语言相比,这几种语言在人文社科领域处于核心地位。

翻译活动方面,研究发现,人文社科学术译者与客户的关系大多通过客户与同行的口头介绍建立,这意味着翻译市场的秩序有待规范。另外,因英语在学术交流中占主导地位且在国际翻译体系中起中介作用,人文社科学术译者的主要翻译方向为从本土语言到英语,其翻译领域主题具有多样性(如社会学、历史、人类学、文化研究等)。样本译者群体中,多数译者翻译过超出其专业背景知识范围的人文社科学术文本。本研究的部分结果与相关文献一致,作者与编辑在翻译活动中扮演着积极的角色并可能对翻译产品产生间接影响。研究发现,当前文献所提倡的翻译质量管理措施,如例文试译、翻译准则和任务指令的提供等,在翻译过程中并不常见。同时,本研究为当前文献关于人文社科学术译者翻译活动的两种认识提供了不一样的证据,根据本译者群体的观点,将翻译视为机械性语言转换的误解在作者与编辑中并不普遍;多数人文社科学术译者对自己的薪酬感到满意。

本研究具有一定的局限性。方便抽样方法的使用和有限的样本量在一定程度上限制了研究结果的普适性。但由于抽样框未知,本研究无法采取概率抽样方法获取样本,方便抽样方法为唯一可行选择。尽管需对样本译者的代表性持保留态度,但本研究在一定程度上揭示了人文社科学术译者身份档案和翻译活动的相关事实并得出了初步结论,为今后进一步提出研究课题奠定了基础。

受样本数量限制,今后开展大规模调查、从中取得突破性发现的可能性较小。人文社科学术译者与文学、法律或医学译者不同,无法从相关协会网站上检索到完整译者名单并以此构建抽样框。因此,今后研究可能很难招募到比当前样本量更大的译者样本。在今后研究中,定性研究可能是补充本研究的更好选择。对人文社科学术译者的访谈或能提供与其翻译活动有关的详细信息,例如,在翻译过程中,人文社科学术译者和其他中间人之间的权力动态是如何平衡的?学科专家译者与语言专家译者在翻译活动中的行为方式有何不同?这些都是今后值得探索的研究问题。

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通讯地址

Xiangdong Li

中国陕西省西安市长安区

西安外国语大学

高级翻译学院

xiangdong813@gmail.com
 
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