“Tía, me dolió, ¿sabes?”: Negotiating affiliation through the vocative tía in Spanish conversational storytelling

In recent years, the vocative tío/a has attracted specific attention because of its frequency and salient pragmatic functions in everyday conversation in European Spanish. This paper presents a conversation-analytical approach to the feminine variant, tía, in extracts from a single conversation of almost twenty minutes among young women friends, who focus on the telling of stories of a personal nature and employ this form as a vocative around thirty times. The analysis demonstrates that the vocative tía has a central role in managing and negotiating affiliation in the focused interaction, highlighting: (a) uses to mitigate disaffiliation in the mid-telling and to friendly manage oppositional stances; (b) uses as a strategy to prepare the ground for affiliation in the narrative climax; (c) uses to mobilize affiliation after emotive assessments and to accentuate reciprocity by the recipient’s matching use; and (d) uses to pursue affiliation in expansions of storytelling.

Publication history
Table of contents

This paper deals with the Spanish form tío/a, which has generated a notable interest over recent years because of its frequent use and pragmatic functions in everyday speech, particularly, in the speech of Spanish youths. Grammatically, it constitutes a kinship noun: its masculine variant, tío, means ‘uncle’, and the feminine, tía, corresponds to ‘aunt’ in English. However, both variants are also commonly used “to designate any person, or as an appellative”, when the “family relationship is interpreted in a figurative sense” (Sanmartín Sáez 2006, 785). In this way, they can function as “familiarizer” vocatives, which “mark the relationship between speaker and addressee as a familiar one” (Leech 1999, 112). According to Stenström (2008, 2014, 32), equivalent forms in English would be man or boy for tío, and girl for tía, but these are used to a much lesser extent than their Spanish counterparts (Stenström 2014, 111). In fact, tío/a has been highlighted as the most employed vocative among teenagers or youths from Madrid (De Latte and Enghels 2021; Jørgensen 2008, 2011; Stenström 2008, 2014; Stenström and Jørgensen 2008). There have also been some recent contributions based on conversational data from Valencia, another of the biggest Spanish cities (Briz 2022; Llopis and Pons 2020); these data were partially printed in Briz and Grupo Val.Es.Co. (2002) and are also currently available in the Corpus Val.Es.Co. 3.0 (Pons, n.d.).

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