Small-scale multilingualism

Friederike Lüpke
University of Helsinki
Table of contents

Inhabitants of many predominantly rural settings around the globe practise intense societal and individual multilingualism, characterised by using and sharing high numbers of very small and locally confined languages. This type of multilingualism is predicated on a dialectic relationship between locally focused constructions of linguistic identities, multiplicity and malleability of these identities, and thick social exchange structured along perceived linguistic differences (see 2 below for a more detailed definition). Social interactions, not power relationships, lie at the roots of small-scale multilingualism, and this turns it into a prime area of interest for pragmatics. This property is stressed by all researchers of small-scale multilingual settings, yet it is often misunderstood as meaning that these societies are characterised by an absence of relationships of power or inequalities. These are of course an intrinsic part of any human community, but crucially, they are not the prime motivation for upholding small-scale multilingualism, which sets these communities apart from polyglossic societies, where particular languages and language forms are primarily indexical of class, prestige, etc. In language ecologies not based on standardised and monolingualised regimes of language, the potential of language practices to create and index situated social meaning through widely shared multilingual repertoires is unparalleled and warrants consideration for a cross-linguistically informed understanding of the pragmatic conditions of multilingualism.

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