Translation studies
Table of contents
Translation and interpreting have existed for many centuries. The earliest reports date from 3000 BC in ancient Egypt and are naturally on interpreting, the oral mode of delivery; this predates translation, which came into being with the development of writing systems. One of the oldest forms of evidence of translation is the Rosetta stone which dates from 196 BC and has inscriptions in Egyptian hieroglyphics, Egyptian demotic characters and in Greek.
References
Álvarez, R. & M. Carmen-África Vidal
Arrojo, R.
Baker, M.
Baker, M. a& G. Saldanha
Bassnett, S.
Caldaza Perez, M.
Delisle, J. & J. Woodsworth
Even-Zohar, I.
Göpferich, S.
Halverson, S.
Kittel, H. et al.
Krings, H. P.
Lefevere, A.
Lefevere, A. & S. Bassnett
Nida, E.
Niranjana, T.
Pym, A.
1996 Material text transfer as a key to the purposes of translation. In A. Neubert, G. Shreve & K. Gommlich (eds.) Basic issues in Translation Studies. Proceedings of the fifth international conference Kent Forum on Translation Studies II: 337–346. Kent State University Institute of Applied Linguistics.
Schäffner, C. & S. Bassnett
Schleiermacher, F.
Simon, S.
Snell-Hornby, M., F. Pöchhacker & K. Kaindl
Snell-Hornby, M., H. G. Hönig, P. Kussmaul & P. A. Schmitt
Tirkkonen-Condit, S. & R. Jääskeläinen
Toury, G.
Trosborg, A.
Venuti, L.
Vermeer, H. J.
Vinay, J.-P. & J. Darbelnet