Frame analysis

Branca Telles Ribeiro & Susan M. Hoyle
Table of contents

Frame analysis, a way of studying the organization of experience, is an approach to cognition and interaction that focuses on the construction, conveying, and interpretation of meaning. Frames affect the way in which we categorize, remember, and revise what we know, as well as what we say, how we mean it, how others hear it, and how we do things together linguistically and otherwise. The term frame and the related terms script and schema have been used similarly in the social sciences as well as artificial intelligence. Some usages are more static and some more dynamic, but all have to do with structures of expectation: we predict what new experiences and relationships will be like and interpret them against our prior knowledge.

Full-text access is restricted to subscribers. Log in to obtain additional credentials. For subscription information see Subscription & Price.

References

Adger, C.T.
1998 Register shifting with dialect resources in instructional discourse. In S. Hoyle & C. Adger (eds.): 151–169.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Antaki, C., F.Diaz & A.F. Collins
1996 Keeping your footing: Conversational completion in three-part sequences. Journal of Pragmatics 25: 151–71.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Atkinson, J.M.
1992 Displaying neutrality: Formal aspects of informal court proceedings. In P. Drew & J. Heritage (eds.): 199–211.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Atkinson, J.M. & J. Heritage
(eds.) 1984 Structures of social action: Studies in conversation analysis. Cambridge University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bakhtin, M.M.
1981 The dialogic imagination. University of Texas Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bartlett, F.C.
1932 Remembering. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bateson, G
([1954] 1972) A theory of play and fantasy. In Steps to an ecology of mind: 117–193. Ballantine.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baym, N.
1995 The performance of humor in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 1(2). Available: http://​www​.ascusc​.org​/jcmc​/vol1​/issue2​/baym​.html.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bobrow, D.G. & A.M. Collins
1975 Some principles of memory schemata. In Bobrow & Collins (eds.): 131–149.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bobrow, D.G. & D.A. Norman
(eds.) 1975 Representation and understanding. Academic Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bredmar, M. & P. Linell
1999 Reconfirming normality: The constitution of reassurance in talks between midwives and expectant mothers. In S. Sarangi & C. Roberts (eds.): 237–270. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Candlin, S.
1997 Towards excellence in nursing. An analysis of the discourse of nurses and patients in the context of health assessments. Ph.D. Diss. University of Lancaster.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cherny, L.
1999 Conversation and community: Discourse in a social MUD. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cicourel, A.V.
1992 The interpenetration of communicative contexts: Examples from medical encounters. In A. Duranti & C. Goodwin (eds.): 291–310. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Clayman, S.E.
1992 Footing in the achievement of neutrality: The case of news-interview discourse. In P. Drew & J. Heritage (eds.): 163–198. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Clift, R.
1999 Irony in conversation. Language in Society 28: 523–53.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Davis, B.H. & J.P. Brewer
1997 Electronic discourse: Linguistic individuals in virtual space. State University of New York Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Diaz, F., C. Antaki & A.F. Collins
1996 Using completion to formulate a statement collectively. Journal of Pragmatics 26: 525–542.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dorr-Bremme, D.W.
1990 Contextualization cues in the classroom: Discourse regulation and social control functions. Language in Society 19: 379–402.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Drew, P. & J. Heritage
(eds.) 1992 Talk at work: Interaction in institutional settings. Cambridge University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Duranti, A. & C. Goodwin
(eds.) 1992 Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon. Cambridge University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Eisenberg, A.
1986 Teasing: Verbal play in two Mexicano homes. In B.B. Schieffelin & E. Ochs (eds.): 182–197.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Erickson, F.
1996 Going for the zone: The social and cognitive ecology of teacher-student interaction in classroom conversations. In D. Hicks (ed.): 29–62. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1999 Appropriation of voice and presentation of self as a fellow physician: Aspects of a discourse of apprenticeship in medicine. In S. Sarangi & C. Roberts (eds.): 109–143. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Erickson, F. & J. Shultz
1981 When is a context? Some issues and methods in the analysis of social competence. In J. Green & C. Wallat (eds.) Ethnography and language in educational settings: 147–160. Ablex.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1982 The counselor as gatekeeper: Social interaction in interviews. Academic Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fillmore, C.J.
1976 The need for a frame semantics within linguistics. Statistical methods in linguistics 12: 5–29.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goffman, E.
1974 Frame analysis. Harper & Row.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1981 Footing. In Forms of talk: 124–159. University of Pennsylvania Press.  BoP Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goodwin, C.
1981 Conversational organization: Interaction between speakers and hearers. Academic Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1995 Co-constructing meaning in conversations with an aphasic man. Research on Language and Social Interaction 28: 233–60.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goodwin, C. & A. Duranti
1992 Rethinking context: An introduction. In A. Duranti & C. Goodwin (eds.): 1–42.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goodwin, M.H.
1985 The serious side of jump rope: Conversational practices and social organization in the frame of play. Journal of American Folklore 98: 315–30. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1990 He-said-she-said: Talk as social organization among black children. Indiana University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1995 Co-construction in girls’ hopscotch. Research on Language and Social Interaction 28: 261–81. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1998 Games of stance: Conflict and footing in hopscotch. In S.M. Hoyle & C.T. Adger (eds.): 23–46.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Greatbatch, D.
1998 Conversation analysis: Neutralism in British news interviews. In A. Bell & P. Garrett (eds.) Approaches to media discourse: 163–185. Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Greatbatch, D. & R. Dingwall
1999 Professional neutralism in family mediation. In S. Sarangi & C. Roberts (eds.): 271–292. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gumperz, J.J.
1982 Discourse strategies. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1992 Contextualization and understanding. In A. Duranti & C. Goodwin (eds.): 229–52.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Halmari, H. & W. Smith
1994 Code-switching and register shift: Evidence from Finnish-English child bilingual conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 21: 427–45.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hamilton, H.E.
1998 Reported speech and survivor identity in on-line bone marrow transplantation narratives. Journal of Sociolinguistics 2: 53–67. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Harré, R. & L. Van Langenhove
1991 Varieties of positioning. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 21: 393–407. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heritage, J. & A.L. Roth
1995 Grammar and institution: Questions and questioning in the broadcast news interview. Research on Language and Social Interaction 28: 1–60.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Herring, S.C.
(ed.) 1996 Computer-mediated communication: Linguistic, social and cross-cultural perspectives. John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hicks, D.
(ed.) 1996 Discourse, learning, and schooling. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Holland, D. & N. Quinn
(eds.) 1987 Cultural models in language and thought. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hoyle, S.M.
1993 Participation frameworks in sportscasting play: Imaginary and literal footings. In D. Tannen (ed.): 114–45.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1994 Children’s use of discourse markers in the creation of imaginary participation frameworks. Discourse Processes 17: 447–64. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1998 Register and footing in role play. In S.M. Hoyle & C.T. Adger (eds.): 47–67.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hoyle, S.M. & C.T. Adger
(eds.) 1998 Kids Talk: Strategic language use in later childhood. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hutchby, I.
1999 Frame attunement and footing in the organisation of talk radio openings. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3: 41–63.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hydén, L.-C. & E.G. Mishler
1999 Language and Medicine. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 19: 174–192. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Irvine, J.T.
1996 Shadow conversations: The indeterminacy of participant roles. In M. Silverstein & G. Urban (eds.) Natural histories of discourse:131–59. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
James, W.
1950 Principles of psychology. Dover Publications.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Johnstone, B.
1987 “He says … so I said”: Verb tense alternation and narrative depictions of authority in American English. Linguistics 25: 33–52. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kendon, A.
1990 Conducting interaction: Patterns of behavior in focused encounters. Cambridge University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Levinson, S.
1988 Putting linguistics on a proper footing: Explorations in Goffman’s concepts of participation. In P. Drew & A. Wootton (eds.) Erving Goffman: Exploring the interaction order: 161–227. Polity Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Matoesian, G.
1999 The grammaticalization of participant roles in the constitution of expert identity. Language in Society 28: 491–521.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mccreedy, L.
1998 The effect of role and footing on students’ oral academic language. In S.M. Hoyle & C.T. Adger (eds.): 170–186.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Miller, P.
1986 Teasing as language socialization and verbal play in a white working-class community. In B.B. Schieffelin & E. Ochs (eds.): 199–212. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Minsky, M.
1975 A framework for representing knowledge. In P.H. Winston (ed.) The psychology of computer vision: 211–277. McGraw-Hill.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mishler, E.G.
1984 The discourse of medicine: Dialectics of medical interviews. Ablex.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1999 Storylines: Craftartists’ narratives of identity. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Morgan, M.
1996 Conversational signifying: Grammar and indirectness among African American women. In E. Ochs, E.A. Schegloff & S.A. Thompson (eds.) Interaction and grammar: 405–434. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nelson, K.
1986 Event knowledge and cognitive development. In K. Nelson (ed.) Event knowledge: Structure and function in development: 1–19. Erlbaum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Norrick, N.R.
1993 Conversational joking: Humor in everyday talk. Indiana University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
O’connor, M.C. & S. Michaels
1996 Shifting participant frameworks: Orchestrating thinking practices in group discussion. In D. Hicks (ed.): 63–103. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Paolillo, J.
1999 The virtual speech community: Social network and language variation on IRC [internet relay chat]. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 4(4). Available: http://​www​.ascusc​.org​/jcmc​/vol4​/issue4​/paolillo​.html.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Petruck, M.R.L.
1996 Frame semantics and the lexicon. In M. Shibatani & S. Thompson (eds.) Essays in semantics and pragmatics: 279–296. John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rampton, B.
1995 Crossing: Language and ethnicity among adolescents. Longman.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ribeiro, B.T.
1993 Framing in psychotic discourse. In D. Tannen (ed.): 77–113. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1994 Coherence in psychotic discourse. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1996 Conflict talk in a psychiatric discharge interview: Struggling between personal and official footings. In C.R. Caldas-Coulthard & M. Coulthard (eds.) Texts and practices: Readings in critical discourse analysis: 179–193. Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D.E.
1975 Notes on a schema for stories. In D.G. Bobrow & A.M. Collins (eds.): 211–236.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1980 Schemata: The building blocks of cognition. In R.J. Spiro, B.C. Bruce & W.F. Brewer (eds.) Theoretical issues in reading comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive psychology, linguistics, artificial intelligence, and education: 33–58. Erlbaum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sarangi, S. & C. Roberts
(eds.) 1999 Talk, work and institutional order: Discourse in medical, mediation and management settings. Mouton de Gruyter.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sarbin, T.R.
2000 The Poetics of Identity. Paper presented at meeting From talk to identity: methodological issues and problems, Clark University.
Schank, R.C. & R.P. Abelson
1977 Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. Erlbaum.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schegloff, E.A.
1999 What next?: Language and social interaction study at the century’s turn. Research on Language and Social Interaction 32: 141–148.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schieffelin, B.B.
1986 Teasing and shaming in Kaluli children’s interactions. In B.B. Schieffelin & E. Ochs (eds.): 165–181.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schieffelin, B.B. & E. Ochs
(eds.) 1986 Language socialization across cultures. Cambridge University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schiffrin, D.
1987 Discourse markers. Cambridge University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1993 “Speaking for another” in sociolinguistic interviews: Alignments, identities, and frames. In D. Tannen (ed.): 231–63.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Straehle, C.A.
1993 “Samuel?” “Yes, dear?”: Teasing and conversational rapport. In D. Tannen (ed.): 210–230.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tannen, D.
[1979] 1993 What’s in a frame? Surface evidence for underlying expectations. In D. Tannen (ed.), 14–56.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1996 The sex-class linked framing of talk at work. In D. Tannen (ed.) Gender and discourse: 195–221. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(ed.) 1993 Framing in Discourse. Oxford University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tannen, D. & C. Wallat
[1987] 1993 Interactive frames and knowledge schemas in interaction: Examples from a medical examination/interview. In D. Tannen (ed.): 57–76.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Dijk, T.A.
1980 Macrostructures: An interdisciplinary study of global structures in discourse, interaction, and cognition. Erlbaum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zentella, A.C.
1997 Growing up bilingual: Puerto Rican children in New York. Blackwell.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
 
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue