Authority

John Wilson & Karyn Stapleton
Table of contents

We are updating this entry ten years after the publication of the original article (Wilson 1996). In that time, the field of Pragmatics has not seen major developments specifically in the study of authority. This might be due to the way ‘authority’ is commonly conceptualised in relation to power. From a standard social psychology perspective, authority is one form (or sub-set) of power. The widely cited taxonomy developed by Raven and Rubin (1983), for example, lists six different bases of social power (reward, coercion, expertise, legitimacy, reference, and information), within which authority derives from the legitimacy source. Hence, authority is often seen simply as ‘legitimate power’ and, for this reason, it might reasonably be assumed that the topic is covered within the burgeoning literature on ‘language and power’. Certainly, the relationship between language and power has been extensively addressed within the overlapping fields of pragmatics, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, conversation analysis and linguistic social theory (e.g., Cameron 1998; Edley & Wetherell 1997; Erickson 2004; Gal 1993; Harris 1995, Heller 2001; Lemke 1995; Mayr 2004; Thornborrow 2002; Wilson 2006; Wilson & Stapleton 2007). In addition, research in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is centrally concerned with the ways in which power relationships are enacted and perpetuated (or resisted/transformed) through linguistic and discursive practices (e.g., Fairclough 1989, 1992, 1995, 2000, Wodak & Meyer 2001, Wodak et al. 1999).

Full-text access is restricted to subscribers. Log in to obtain additional credentials. For subscription information see Subscription & Price.

References

Antaki, C. & S. Widdicombe
1998 Identities in Talk. Sage.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Atkinson, P.
1995 Medical Talk and Medical Work. Sage. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baron, N.S.
2002 Who sets email style? Prescriptivism, coping strategies, and democratizing communication access. The Information Society 18(5): 403–413. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baxter, L.A.
1985 Accomplishing relationship disengagement. In S. Duck & D. Perlmann (eds.) Understanding Personal Relationships: 243–265. Sage. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Benwell, B. & E. Stokoe
2006 Discourse and Identity. Edinburgh University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Berger, C.R.
1979 Beyond initial interaction. Uncertainty understanding and the development of interpersonal relationships. In H. Giles & R.N. St Clair (eds.) Language and Social Psychology: 122–144. Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bergvall, V.L., J.M. Bing & A.F. Freed
1996 Rethinking Language and Gender Research. Longman. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bergvall, V.L. & K.A. Remlinger
1996 Reproduction, resistance and gender in educational discourse: The role of Critical Discourse Analysis. Discourse and Society 7(4): 453–480. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bex, T. & R.J. Watts
(eds.) 1999 Standard English: The Widening Debate. Routledge.  BoP Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Billig, M.
1987 A Rhetorical Approach to Social Psychology. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1991 Ideology Rhetoric and Opinions. London. Sage. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Blommaert, J.
1996 The politics of multilingualism and language planning: Introduction. In J. Blommaert (ed.) The Politics of Multilingualism and Language Planning. Antwerp Papers in Linguistics 87: 3–26.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Boden, D.
1994 The Business of Language. Polity Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Boden, D. & D.H. Zimmerman
1991 Talk and Social Structure. Polity Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bogoch, P.
1997 Gendered lawyering: Difference and dominance in lawyer-client interaction. Law and Society Review 31(4): 677–712. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1999 Courtroom discourse and the gendered construction of professional identity. Law and Social Inquiry 24(2): 329–375. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P.
1986 The forms of capital. In J. Richardson (ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education: 241–258. Greenwood Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1992 Language and Symbolic Power. Polity Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Broom, A.
2005 Medical specialists’ accounts of the impact of the Internet on the doctor/patient relationship. Health 9(3): 319–338. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bucholtz, M. & K. Hall
2005 Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7(4/5): 585–614.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Buzzelli, C.A. & A. Johnston
2001 Authority, power and morality in classroom discourse. Teaching and Teacher Education 17(8): 873–884. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cameron, D.
1995 Verbal Hygiene. Routledge.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1998 ‘Is there any Ketchup, Vera?’: Gender, power and pragmatics. Discourse and Society 9(4): 437–455. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2000 Good to Talk? Living and Working in a Communication Culture. Sage.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(ed.) 1990 The Feminist Critique of Language. Routledge.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cameron, D. & J. Bourne
1989 No common ground: Kingman, grammar and the nation. Language and Education 2(3): 147–160. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Campion, P. & M. Langdon
2004 Achieving multiple topic shifts in primary care medical consultations: A conversation analysis study in U.K. general practice. Sociology of Health & Illness 26(1): 81–101. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chafe, W.
1986 Evidentiality in English conversation and academic writing. In W. Chafe & J. Nichols (eds.): 261–273. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chafe, W. & J. Nichols
(eds.) 1986 Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Ablex.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chilton, P.
2004 Analysing Political Discourse. Routledge  MetBibGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Clayman, S. & J. Heritage
2002 The News Interview: Journalists and Public Figures on the Air. Cambridge University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Clement, R.
1996 The Social Psychology of Intergroup Communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 15(3).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Coates, J.
1987 Epistemic modality and spoken discourse. Transactions of the Philological Society: 110–131. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1993 Women, Men and Language, 2nd ed. Longman.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1995 Language, gender and career. In S. Mills (ed.): 13–30. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1996 Women Talk. Blackwell.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1998 Language and Gender: A Reader. Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Coe, K., D. Domke, E.S. Graham, S.L. John & V.W. Pickard
2004 No shades of gray: The binary discourse of George W. Bush and an echoing press. Journal of Communication 54(2): 234–252.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Conefrey, T.
1997 Gender, culture and authority in a university life sciences laboratory. Discourse and Society 8(3): 313–340.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Crawford, M.
1995 Talking Difference: On Gender and Language. Sage.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Defrancisco, V.
1991 The sound of silence: How men silence women in marital relationships. Discourse and Society 2(4): 413–424. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dingwall, R.
2000 Language, law and power: Ethnomethodology, Conversation Analysis and the politics of law and society studies. Law and Social Inquiry 25(3): 885–911. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dixon, J.A., B. Mahoney & R. Cocks
2002 Accents of guilt? Effects of regional accent, ‘race’ and crime type on attributions of guilt. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 21(2): 162–168.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Duck, S.
1982 A topography of relationship disengagement and dissolution. In S. Duck (ed.) Personal Relationships 4: Dissolving Relationships: 141–162. Academic Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Eckert, P. & S. Mcconnell-Ginet
1992 Think practically and look locally: Language and gender as community-based practice. Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 461–490. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Eckert, P.S. Mcconnell-Ginet.
1999 New generalisations and explanations in language and gender research. Language in Society 28(2): 185–201. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Edley, N. & M. Wetherell
1997 Jockeying for position: The construction of masculine identities. Discourse and Society 8(2): 203–217.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Edwards, D.
1997 Discourse and Cognition. Sage.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Edwards, D. & J. Potter
1992 Discursive Psychology. Sage.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Edwards, J.
1989 Language and Disadvantage. Cole & Whurr.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Eelen, G.
1993 Authority in international political discourse: A pragmatic analysis of United Nations documents on the Congo Crisis. Text 13(1): 29–63.  BoP Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ehrlich, S.
1999 Communities of practice, gender and the representation of sexual assault. Language in Society 28(2): 239–256.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Epstein, J.P.
1982 The grammar of a lie. In R.J De Pietro. (ed.) Language and The Professions: 133–143. Ablex. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Erickson, F.
2004 Talk and Social Theory. Polity Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fairclough, N.
1989 Language and Power. Longman.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1992 Discourse, and Social Change. Polity Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1995 Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. Longman.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2000 Discourse social theory and social research: The discourse of welfare reform. Journal of Sociolinguistics 4(2): 163–195.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fishman, P.
1983 Interaction: The work women do. In B. Thorne, C. Kramarae & N. Henley (eds.) Language, Gender and Society: 89–101. Newbury House.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ford, C.E., B.A. Fox & S.A. Thompson
(eds.) 2002 The Language of Turn and Sequence. Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Foucault, M.
1972 The Archaeology of Knowledge. Tavistock Publications. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Freeman, C.
2005 The Closing of the Western Mind. Vintage. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gal, S.
1993 Diversity and contestation in linguistic ideologies: German speakers in Hungary. Language in Society 22(3): 337–359.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Giddens, A.
1984 The Constitution of Society: Outline of A Theory of Structuration. Polity Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gilbert, G.N. & M. Mulkay
1984 Opening up Pandora’s Box: A sociological Analysis of Scientists’ Discourse. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Giles, H. & N. Coupland
1991 Language Contexts and Consequences. Open University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goffman, E.
1981 Forms of Talk. Basil Blackwell.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goodrich, P.
1987 Legal Discourse. MacMillan.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gordon, E.
1997 Sex, speech and stereotypes: Why women use prestige forms more than men. Language in Society 26(1): 47–63.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Graham, P., T. Keenan & A.M. Dowd
2004 A call to arms at the end of history: A discourse–historical analysis of George W. Bush’s declaration of war on terror. Discourse and Society 15(2/3): 199–221.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Greene, D.L.
2003 Bush turns increasingly to language of religion. Common Dreams News Center (www​.commondreams​.org​/headlines 2006) 1–4. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Grice, H.P.
1975 Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J.L. Morgan (eds.) Syntax and Semantics Vol. 3: Syntax and Semantics. Academic Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1989 Studies in the Ways of Words. Harvard University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gruber, H.
1993 Political language and textual vagueness. Pragmatics 3(1): 1–28.  BoP Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Habermas, J.
1995 The Theory of Communicative Action. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hall, K. & M. Bucholtz
(eds.) 1995 Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. Routledge.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Harre, R.
1985 The Language Game of Self Ascription: a note. In K.J. Gergen & K.E. Davis (eds.) The Social Construction of The Person: 259–265. Springer-Verlag. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1989 Language games and texts of identity. In J. Shotter & K. Gergen (eds.) Texts of Identity: 20–36. Sage.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1998 The Singular Self: An Introduction to the Psychology of Personhood. Sage. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Harre, R. & G. Gillet
1994 The Discursive Mind. Sage.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heller, M.
2001 Undoing the macro/micro dichotomy: Ideology and categorisation in a linguistic minority school. In N. Coupland, S. Sarangi & C.N. Candlin (eds.) Sociolinguistics and Social Theory: 212–235. Longman. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heritage, J.
2003 Designing questions and setting agendas in the news interview. In P. Glenn, C.D. Lebaron & J. Mandelbaum (eds.) Studies in Language and Social Interaction: In honor of Robert Hopper: 57–90. Lawrence Erlbaum.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heritage, J. & D. Greatbatch
1991 On the institutional character of institutional talk: the case of news interviews. In D. Boden & D.H. Zimmerman (eds.) Talk and Social Structure: 93–138. Polity Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heritage, J. & D.W. Maynard
(eds.) 2006 Communication in Medical Care: Interaction Between Primary Care Physicians and Patients. Cambridge University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Holmes, J.
1995 Women, Men and Politeness.Longman.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2000 Women at work: Analysing women’s talk in New Zealand workplaces. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 22(2): 1–17. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Holmes, J. & M. Meyerhoff
(eds.) 2003 The Handbook of Language and Gender. Blackwell.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Holmes, J. & S. Schnurr
2006 ‘Doing femininity’ at work: More than just relational practice. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10(1): 31–51. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Holmes, J., L. Burns, M. Marra, M. Stubbe & B. Vine
2003 Women managing discourse in the workplace. Women in Management Review 18(8): 414–424. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hopper, P.
1981 The taken for granted. Human Communication Reserach 7: 195–211. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Houtkoop-Steenstra, H.
2002 Questioning turn format and turn-taking problems in standardized interviews. In D.W. Maynard, H. Houtkoop-Steenstra, N.C. Schaeffer & J. Van Der Zouwen (eds.) Standardization and Tacit Knowledge: Interaction and Practice in the Survey Interview: 243–261. John Wiley. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hutchby, I.
1996 Power in discourse: the case of arguments on a British talk radio show. Discourse and Society 7(4): 481–499.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2005 Media Talk: Conversation Analysis and the Study of Broadcasting. Open University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hymes, D.
1996 Ethnography, Linguistics, Narrtive Inequality: Toward an Understanding of Voice. Taylor Francis. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jasanoff, S., G.E. Merkle, J.C. Peterson & T.J. Pinch
(eds.) 2002 Handbook of Science and Technology Studies. Sage. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kendall, S. & D. Tannen
1997 Gender and language in the workplace. In R. Wodak (ed.) Gender and Discourse: 81–105. Sage. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Labov, W.A.
1972 The logic of non standard English. In W.A. Labov 1972 Language in The Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. University of Philadelphia Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lakoff, R.
1975 Language and Women’s Place. Harper. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1992 Talking Power. Sage.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Latour, B. & S. Woolgar
1986 Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts, 2nd ed. Princeton University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lemke, J.L.
1995 Textual politics: Discourse and Social Dynamics. Taylor & Francis. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lippi-Green, R.
1997 English With an Accent: Language, Ideology and Discrimination in the United States. Routledge.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Litosseliti, L. & J. Sunderland
(eds.) 2002 Gender Identity and Discourse Analysis. John Benjamins.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lynch, M. & S. Woolgar
1990 Representation and Scientific Practice. Mass. MIT Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lyotard, J.F.
1984 The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Manchester University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Maitland, K. & J. Wilson
1987 Ideological conflict and pronominal resolution. Journal of Pragmatics 11: 495–512. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mayr, A.
2004 Prison Discourse: Language as a Means of Control and Resistance. Palgrave Macmillan.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mcelhinny, B.
1998 ‘I don't smile much anymore’: Affect, gender and the discourse of Pittsburgh Police Officers. In J. Coates (ed.): 309–327. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mead, G.H.
1962 Mind Self and Society. Chicago University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mey, J.
1993 Pragmatics. Blackwell.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mills, S.
1995 Language and Gender: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Longman. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Milroy, L.
1985 Language and Social Networks. Blackwell.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Milroy, J. & L. Milroy
2005 Authority in Language, 3d ed. Taylor & Francis.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mugglestone, L.
2003 Talking Proper: The Rise of Accent as Social Symbol, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mumby, D.K.
1988 Communication and Power in Organisations. Discourse Ideology and Domination. Ablex, Norwood. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nwosu, C.R. & B.M. Cox
2000 The impact of the Internet on the doctor- patient relationship. Health Informatics Journal 6(3): 156–161. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
O’barr, W.
1982 Linguistic Evidence. Academic Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Palmer, F.
1979 Modality and the English Modals. Longman.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1986 Mood and Modality. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pauwels, A.
1998 Women Changing Language. Longman.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Peters, S., I. Stanley, M. Rose & P. Salmon
1998 Patients with medically unexplained symptoms: Sources of patients’ authority and implications for demands on medical care. Social Science and Medicine 46(4/5): 559–565. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Phillips, N. & C. Hardy
1997 Managing multiple identities: Discourse, legitimacy and resources in the UK refugee system. Organization 4(2): 159–185. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Potter, J.
1996 Representing Reality: Discourse, Rhetoric and Social Constructionism. Sage.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2000 Post-cognitive psychology. Theory and Psychology 10(1): 31–37. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Potter, J. & M. Wetherell
1987 Discourse and Social Psychology. Sage.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Raven, B.H. & J.Z. Rubin
1983 Social Psychology. Wiley. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Reynolds, M.
1990 Classroom power-some dynamics of classroom talk. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Roberts, C. & S. Sarangi
2003 Uptake of discourse research in interprofessional settings: Reporting from medical consultancy. Applied Linguistics 24(3): 338–359.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Romaine, S.
1999 Communicating Gender. Lawrence Erlbaum.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sacks, H., E. Schegloff & G. Jefferson
1974 A simplest systematics for the organization of turn taking in conversation. Language 50(4): 696–733.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sarangi, S. & C. Roberts
(eds.) 1999 Talk, Work and Institutional Order: Discourse in Medical, Mediation and Management Settings. Mouton de Gruyter.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sarangi, S. & S. Slembrouck
1996 Language Bureaucracy and Social Control. Longman.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schegloff, E.A.
1991 Reflections on talk and social structure. In D. Boden & D.H. Zimmerman (eds.): 44–71. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Searle, J.R.
1969 Speech Acts. Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Shaw, S.
2000 Language, gender and floor apportionment in political debates. Discourse and Society 11(3): 401–418.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Shotter, J.
1993 Cultural Politics of Everyday Life. Open University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Shotter, J. & K.J. Gergen
1989 Texts of Identity. Sage.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Shuy, R.
2001 Discourse Analysis in the Legal Context. In D. Shiffrin, D. Tannen & H. Hamilton (eds.) The Handbook of Discourse Analysis: 437–452. Blackwell.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Silverman, D.
1990 Communication and Medical Practice. Social Relationships Within The Community. Sage. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Smith, C.A.
2005 President Bush’s enthymeme of evil. American Behavioral Scientist 49(1): 32–47. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Soukup, B.
2001 ‘Y’all come back now, y’hear?’ Language attitudes in the United States towards Southern American English. Vienna English Working Papers 10(2): 56–68. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Spender, D.
1980 Man Made Language. Routledge.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sperber, D. & D. Wilson
1996 Relevance. Blackwell.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Su Hwi, T.
1996 A critical review of sociolinguistic engineering in Singapore. In J. Blommaert (ed.): 107–142. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stapleton, K.
2001 Constructing a feminist identity: Discourse and the community of practice. Feminism and Psychology 11(4): 459–491. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tannen, D.
1990 You Just Don't Understand: Men and Women in Conversation. Morrow. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1994 Talking from 9 to 5: Women and Men at Work. Morrow. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thornborrow, J.
2002 Power Talk: Language and Interaction in Institutional Discourse. Longman.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tibbets, P.
1990 Representation and the realist-constructivist debate. In M. Lynch & S. Woolgar (eds.): 69–85. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Travers, M. & J. Manzo
1997 Law in Action: Ethnomethodological and Conversation Analytic Approaches to Law. Ashgate-Dartmouth.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Truss, L.
2003 Eats, Shoots and Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. Profile Books. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Urban, G.
1986 Rhetoric of a war chief. Working Papers and Proceedings of the Centre for Psychosocial Studies 5: 1–27. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Dijk, T.
2003 Knowledge in Parliamentary debates. Journal of Language and Politics 1(2): 93–129.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vermes, G.
2000 The Changing Faces of Jesus. London. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Verschueren, J.
1999 Whose discipline? Some critical reflections on linguistic pragmatics. Journal of Pragmatics 31(7): 869–879.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Verwey, N.
1990 Radio Call-Ins and Covert Politics. Gower. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Walsh, C.
2001 Gender and Discourse: Language and Power in Politics, the Church and Organisations. Pearson. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Watts, R.
1995 Language and Power in the Family. Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
West, C.
1990 Not just 'Doctors' Orders': Directive-response sequences in patients' visits to women and men physicians. Discourse and Society 1(1): 85–113. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1995 Women's competence in conversation. Discourse & Society 6(1): 107–131.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wilson, J.
1995 Linguistic Forms of Political Life. Unpublished ms. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1996 Authority. In J. Verschueren, J.O. Stman, J. Blommaert & C. Bulcaen (eds.) Handbook of Pragmatics. John Benjamins.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2006 Power. In K. Brown (ed.) Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. LALI 00339: 1–3. Elsevier.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wilson, J. & B. Haugh
1995 Collaborative modelling and talk in the classroom. Language and Education 9(4): 265–283. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wilson, J. & K. Stapleton
2007 The discourse of resistance: Social change and policing in Northern Ireland. Language in Society 36:3.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L.
1953 Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wodak, R.
1995 Power, discourse and styles of female leadership in school committee meetings. In D. Corson (ed.) Discourse and Power in Educational Organizations: 31–54. Hampton Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1996 Disorders of Discourse. Longman.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wodak, R., R. De Cillia, M. Reisigl & K. Liebhart
1999 The Discursive Construction of National Identity. Edinburgh University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wodak, R. & M. Meyer
(eds.) 2001 Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. Sage.  BoP Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wright, L.
(ed.) 2006 The Development of Standard English 1300–1800. Cambridge University Press.  BoPGoogle Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
 
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue